S02E30: Voyager's Triumph // Bubbletrons // The Wonders of Graphene

Well, gooday, and welcome to this episode of Astronomy Daily. It's the

seventh of August twenty twenty three. I'm your host, Steve Dunkley. Thanks

for being with us whole Dunkley, It's so great to have you with us

again on a lovely winter's day here on the East coast of Australia. Oh,

it's great, And with us again is our wonderful, faithful digital reporter

Hallie. Great to be back, Steve. I hope you had a great

week. Well, we had yet another birthday, Hallie. Actually it was

two birthdays. Wow, you humans sure love birthdays. Who was it this

time? Well, this time it was my son and his lovely partner Kate.

They celebrated together in Sydney, which is just a short two hour drive

south of here. I live in Newcastle and we had a very pleasant lunch

with some family members at the famous Australiana landmark Etamoga Pub. That sounds cool.

Did you have some traditional Australian tucker? Oh? I had the salmon.

Oh is that traditional? Oh? Well it is for me? That

has good? Then excellent, Hallie. You're learning out quirky human ways very

nicely. Birthday's good salmon. Better, got it? So what have you

caught for us today? Helly? Okay. There's a story about SpaceX firing

up their new booster, the wonder material graphine being researched for use in space

building and development, a couple of fast orbiting stars, bubble trons, bubble

trons, yes, bubble trons. And I know what you're thinking, Steve.

Oh yeah, what am I thinking? Hellie? Those giant bubbles from

the TV series The Prisoner. That's not it? Oh yeah, that is

what I was thinking. So what else is going on, Steve? Well,

there's some great research about a wonder material called graphine, which I'll be

talking about later, and also some fantastic news about Voyager two. I am

so glad that NASA has managed to re establish contact with Voyager two. You're

losing contact last week? Yes, they thought outside the box and did something

pretty remarkable. I always feel sorry for those lonely little space probes. Well,

as the story goes, Halle Nassas has succeeded in re establishing full contact

with Voyager two, using its highest power transmitter to send an interstellar shout that

righted the distant probes antenna orientation. The Space Agency said on Friday, a

series of planned command sent the spaceship to the spaceship on July twenty one mistakenly

caused the antenna to point two degrees only from Earth, compromising its ability to

send and receive signals. Then endangered its mission, and the situation was not

expected to resolve itself until at least October fifteen, when Voyager two was a

schedule to carry out an automated realignment maneuver. But on Tuesday, engineers enlisted

the help of multiple Earth observatories that formed the Deep Space Network DSN to detect

a carrier or heartbeat wave from Voyager two, though the signal was still too

faint to read the data it carried. In a new update on Friday,

NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which built and operates the probe, said it had

succeeded in a long shot effort to send instructions that righted the craft. According

to a statement released by JPL, this so called interstellar shout required eighteen point

five hours traveling at the speed of light to read Voyager two, and took

thirty seven hours for mission controllers to learn whether or not the command had actually

worked. The probe began returning sides and telemetry data at twelve to twenty nine

am Eastern Time on August four, indicating its operating normally and that it remains

on its expected trajectory. That's great news now. Voyager two left the protective

magnetic bubble provided by the Sun called the Heliosphere in December twenty eighteen and is

currently traveling through the space between stars. Before leaving our solaces explored Jupiter Satin

and became the first and so far only spacecraft to visit Uranus and Neptune.

Voyager two's twin, Voyager one, was mankind's first spacecraft to enter the interstellar

medium in twenty twelve and is currently fifteen billion miles from Earth. Both carry

Golden Records, twelve inch gold plated copper discs intended to convey the story of

our world to extraterrestrials did they ever encounter them. This includes a map of

our solar system, a piece of uranium that serves as a radioactive clock,

allowing recipients to date the spaceship's launch, and symbols that convey how to play

the actual record. The contents of the disc selected for NASSA by a committee

shared by legendary astronomer Carl Sagan, included encoded images of life on Earth,

as well as music and sounds that can be played using an included stylus.

For now, voyagers continue to transmit back scientific data, though their power banks

are expected to be eventually depleted sometime after twenty twenty five. They will then

continue to wander the Milky Way, potentially for an eternity. In silence,

Wow, they are hearty little probes, aren't they. They just keep on

ticking right now, Holley, you've heard some short takes for us today.

Here they are everyone. An international team of scientists have discovered an unusual Jupiter

sized planet orbiting a low mass star called forty eight sixty located in the Corvus

constellation. The newly discovered gas giant, named Ti A forty eight sixty B,

is an unusual planet for two reasons. Stars of such low mass are

not expected to host planets like Jupiter, and the planet appears to be particularly

enriched by heavy elements. The planet was initially identified using NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey's

satellite as a drop of brightness while transiting in front of its host star,

but that data alone was insufficient to confirm that it was a planet. The

team used the Speculus South Observatory, located in the Atacama Desert in Chile,

to measure the planetary signal in several wavelengths and validated the planetary nature. The

astronomers also observed the planet just before and after it disappeared behind its host star,

noticing that there was no change in light, meaning the planet was not

emitting any Finally, the team collaborated with a Japanese group using the Suparu telescope

in Hawaii. Together, they measured the mass of the planet to fully confirm

it. George Dransfield, one of those PhD students who recently submitted her thesis

at the University of Birmingham, explains under the canonical planet formation model, the

less mass a star has, the less massive is the disk of material around

that star. Since planets are created from that disk, high mass planets like

Jupiter were widely expected not to form. However, we were curious about this

and wanted to check planetary candidates to see if it was possible. Ty forty

eight sixty is our first confirmation and also the lowest mass star hosting such a

high mass planet. A hint of what might have happened is hidden in the

planetary properties, which appear particularly enriched in heavy elements. We have detected something

similar in the host star too, so it is likely that an abundance of

heavy elements catalyzed the planet formation process. In a renewed commitment to the growth

of private space ventures, NASA has announced another joint mission with Axiom Space.

This mission, which will be the fourth private astronaut initiative, is slated for

a tentative launch in August twenty twenty four from NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

Axium Mission four has been scheduled to dock with the space station for a

period nearing fourteen days. However, the final launch date will be contingent on

prevailing spacecraft traffic to the space station and other relevant factors. To ensure seamless

operations, NASA and Axiom Space will be maticulously aligning in orbit tasks for the

private astronauts in conjunction with station crew members and on ground flight controllers. Previous

collaborations between the two entities are noteworthy. Just this march, Axiom Space was

chosen by NASA for the third private astronaut mission, expected to launch in January

twenty twenty four. NASA Friday announced four crew members that will fly on NASA's

SpaceX Crew eight mission for a long term stay on the International Space Station.

The crew includes NASA astronauts commander Matthew Dominic, pilot Michael Barrat, and mission

Specialist Janette Epps, along with ros Cosmos cosmonaut mission specialist Alexander Grebenkan. They

will all join Expedition seventy and seventy one crew members aboard the ISSS in early

twenty twenty four. The station is a critical test bed for NASA to understand

and overcome the challenges of long duration spaceflight and to expand commercial opportunities in low

Earth orbit. NASA said in the twenty two years that humans have inhabited the

ISS, two hundred and forty four people from nineteen countries have been on board

and worked in the unique microgravity laboratory that has hosted over three thousand research and

education investigations. The upcoming mission will be the eighth Space Station rotational mission.

NASA works with the American aerospace industry to provide transportation to and from the station

using American made rockets and spacecraft. The Starship first stage prototype, known as

Booster nine, conducted a static fire test today August sixth, briefly igniting its

thirty three Raptor engines while anchored to the orbital launch mount at SpaceX's star Base

site in South Texas. Not all of the engines performed perfectly, for of

them shut down prematurely, SpaceX representatives said during a webcast of today's test,

But twenty nine out of thirty three isn't bad, and both Booster nine and

the orbital launch mount emerged from the test in one piece, so there's plenty

of reason for SpaceX to celebrate Starship. SpaceX's next gen transportation system, which

is designed to get people and cargo to the Moon, Mars, and beyond,

has one full up flight test under its belt. That mission launched from

star Base on April twentieth, with the goal of sending the ship twenty four

upper stage prototype partway around Earth. Splashdown was targeted for the Pacific Ocean near

Hawaii. That didn't happen, however. Starship experienced several problems shortly after liftoff,

and SpaceX sent a self destruct command, destroying the vehicle high over the

Gulf of Mexico. The April twentieth launch also caused considerable damage to Star Base,

orbital launch mount and some surrounding infrastructure. To keep that from happening again,

SpaceX installed a water deluge system beneath the mount, a water spouting steel

plate designed to dampen the tremendous energy generated by super Heavy's thirty three raptors.

The new deluge system appeared to work well during today's test, as copious amounts

of water jetted upward toward the firing raptors. Here are those bubbletron Steve,

Are you ready? Oh I, I'm hardly waited. It's either something from

science fiction or a new kind of chewing gum. You're a silly human.

The extremely early universe featured the most cataclysmic, transformative, and energetic events that

ever occurred. Driving these energies was the expansion of the cosmos and the resulting

fragmentation of the fundamental forces of nature. And in that fragmentation, massive bubbles

may have emerged and collided with each other, powering up energies that would put

to shame even our most advanced human made particle accelerators. New research published June

twenty seventh on the Preprint database a R fourteen suggests those awesome energies could have

flooded the universe with dark matter particles, microscopic black holes, and much more.

The researchers wrote, and the name of those ultra energetic early universe structures

meet the bubbletrons. The four fundamental forces of nature, electromagnetism, strong nuclear,

weak nuclear, and gravity are not always so different. At high energies,

these forces begin to merge. We can already detect this in our most

powerful particle colliders, where electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force merge into a united

electroweak force. While not proven, physicists strongly suspect that at even higher energies

the other forces also merge into a single, unified force. But the only

time the universe had the energies needed to do this was less than a second

after the Big Bang. As the cosmos cooled and expanded from that early state,

the forces split off from each other in titanic moments of phase transition.

This splitting might have been smooth and serene, like the transition of ice melting

into water, or incredibly violent the transition of water boiling into vapor. If

the transitions were violent, then the universe could have been briefly filled with gigantic

bubbles. The new research suggests outside these bubbles, the unified forces remained,

but inside the bubbles, the cosmos would have been completely different, with the

forces split off from each other. Eventually, these bubbles would have expanded and

collided, completely converting the universe into the new reality. But these bubbles wouldn't

just have come and gone without leaving a trace, fizzing like an open soda

can. The bubbles would have carried truly enormous amounts of energy, orders of

magnitude more energy than any human made or natural process in the present day cosmos.

The expanding edges of the bubbles could accelerate any nearby particles to incredibly high

speeds. Those particles would then slam into others, just like they do in

laboratory particle accelerator experiments, creating a shower of released energy and new part articles.

Additionally, the bubbles would have eventually merged. The researchers discovered that these

bubbletrons could have reached the energies necessary to trigger the formation of hypothetical dark matter

particles. These particles would have enough mass and abundance to explain the observed amount

of dark matter in the universe. According to the team's calculations, they could

also have been factories of much more exotic objects, like microscopic black holes that

immediately evaporated, adding their energy to the mix. Most importantly, the researchers

discovered that the expansion and collision of the bubbletrons would have created a cacophony of

gravitational waves. Those gravitational waves would ring the whole universe like a gigantic bell

and persist in the cosmos today billions of years later. Good grief, Halley,

So that's bubbletrons. Sure is chew on that one. Incredible stuff.

And that's all from me for now. Back to you, Steve, Astronomy

the Podcast. Thanks again for listening in you with Steve Dunkley on Astronomy Daily.

We've already covered quite a bit of territory today with Halle our intrepid digital

reporter, and we continue the stories right now now. Graphine has long been

put forward as a wonder material. Undeniably, it has astounding properties, stronger

than steel, better than electrical conductor, than copper, and lighter than almost

anything else with similar properties. And while it's been partially adopted into space faring

technologies, many use cases remain where a pure form of the material could be

dramatic could dramatically benefit the space industry. To detail those opportunities, a group

of scientists from the Italian Space Agency recently released a paper that looked at graphine's

role in space exploration and where it might stand to make an even bigger impact

shortly, when used in space technologies, it's simply returning to a place that

where it or it exists naturally. Research has shown that up to one point

nine percent of interstellar medium carbon is made of graphine. It's created during the

destructive process of a star going through its death throws and spreads throughout the galaxy

as part of that process. Unfortunately, recreating a supernover isn't that easy here

on Earth. Just ask getting nuclear physicist. And creating graphine here on Earth

isn't easy either, at least not at the scale necessary for its full material

properties to become realized. But even a little graphine added to the mix makes

a huge difference. Typically, engineers combined graphine with different materials and polymers for

space applications, giving a rise to a class of materials known as nanocomposites.

Even this tiny amount of wonder material can have a significant positive benefit for the

result composite, whether increasing its thermal conductivity or stiffness. Some composite can even

be used as sensors, with their output controlling things like say, rocket positioning.

Other use cases like solar sales, antennas, antiware systems show how versatile

graphine can be. But where do we go from here? Still isn't a

way to successfully craft pure graphine with physical properties we desire, but there's plenty

of research on how to do that. As with so many other areas of

scientific research, lately, China is leading the charge in developing that methodology.

According to the paper, China controls seventy one percent of global patents on graphine,

and eight of the ten universities researching graphine are located in the country.

China also has a robust space program, but its space economy is not as

well developed as the US or Europe, so it may take a while before

any advancements in the country are made or adopted into the space industry. But

overall, the paper does a reasonable job of describing potential use cases, obstacles,

and opportunities for the use of graphine in space. There's still work to

do before the wonder material becomes useful in the harshest environments. However, given

its potential, an artificial form of graphine will undoubtedly one day return to the

interstellar void where it was initially made. Now, astronomers have discovered a pair

of star like objects orbiting each other extremely quickly, with an entire year lasting

just one point nine Earth hours WOW. Catually named z t f J twenty

twenty plus fifty thirty three WOW. The system consists of one object, which

is definitely a small star, and another that straddles the boundary between star and

planet. The two objects appeared to be very old, and understanding how they

came to be orbiting so close together is teaching astronomers more about how solar systems

change and evolve. The planet like object in the pair is classified as a

brown dwarf, a failed star without enough mass to jump start stellifusion in its

core. But this particular object is right on the boundary between a dwarf and

a star, so astronomers can't be sure which it is for sure, though

they suspect the latter because it is so much dimmer than its partner. The

brown dwarf's orbital period is seven times faster than previous record holding brown dwarf.

It is so close to its partner that both could easily orbit each other inside

our own son, But the paper released this month suggests that they didn't actually

form like this. Both components must have been significantly larger when they were young

than they they are today, implying that the orbit has shrunk significantly. The

authors wrote, understanding that the process is key to unlocking some of the secrets

of the Solar system formation. The primary mechanism at work, they believe,

is something called magnetic breaking. Stars have powerful magnetic fields. When solar flares

and coronal mass ejections and other phenomena related to sol solid wind eject material from

a star, the material is captured by magnetic fields and it's carried far out

from the star, eventually escaping altogether. But before it escapes, the material

continues to spin with the star and its magnetic field, just like a figure

skater throwing their arms out to spin slower. This material slows a star's spin.

In a binary system, the magnetic fields of both stars work together to

slow their orbital period around each other, like two figure skaters holding hands with

arms outreached over a millennia. Not only do the stars lose mass, they

also circle each other closer and closer. Current models used by astronomers suggest that

magnetic breaking is most pronounced in stars that are fully convective. They are massive

enough that the convection zone of the star extends all the way into its interior.

But this binary pair is made up of two very small stars that are

not fully convective. This strongly suggests that magnetic breaking remains efficient below the fully

convective bound in at least some stars, contrary to the common assumption in many

binary evolution models. The paper argues that means that we might need to change

how we think about future evolution of binary pairs. Z TFJ twenty plus fifty

thirty three, for example, is expected to pass the Roche limit in one

point three billion years. According to current models, at that time, the

brown dwarf will be ripped apart by the gravity of its partner as it gets

too close. But if magnetic breaking is Indeed, in effect, for these

small stars, that timeline will come much faster, within just tens of millions

of years. The implications are clearly significant. To get a better understanding of

what's going on, astronomers need to find more close orbiting binary star brown dwarf

pairs to make sure this isn't just an outlier. But that's easier said than

done. Although they are expected to be common, brown dwarfs are so dim

that they are difficult to find, resulting in what astronomer is called a brown

dwarf desert in their data sets. Luckily, there are three new instruments that

will excel at finding exactly these objects. Palomar Observatory's Wide Field Infrared Transient Explorer

Winter, which began operations in twenty twenty one, the Vera Reuben Observatory expected

to begin survey in twenty twenty four, and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope,

launching in twenty twenty seven. And thanks again for listening to Astronomy Daily.

I'm Steve Dunkly, your host. Thank you very much for joining us

again. I hope you'll see us again next week as we bring you more

space science and stuff. Don't forget. You can catch all the past episodes

of Astronomy Daily and our parent podcast, Space Nuts with Andrew Dunkley and Professor

Fred Watson at space nuts dot io or bytes dot com by for now Dunkle

In this episode