S02E42: SpaceX's Mechazilla, Polaris Mysteries, and Japan's Lunar Quest

Well, good evening morning, and hello welcome to another episode of Astronomy Daily.

It is the eleventh of September two and twenty three. I'm Steve Dunkle,

your host. We've got another mixed bag of stories about astronomy, space

and space science for you from around the world, including Mecha Zilla, spaces

spakes, x's new sci fi landing system despite Starship being grounded after an explosion

probe. The mystery of Polaris is recent change. Paris is the closest and

brightest SEFID variable to Earth, and something has changed. Chandrean three is getting

chilly as already chilly as lunar night closes. As in the probes don't have

real heaters and solar powered, so the prospect of a solo night with ultra

low temperatures is a fingers crossed situation for mission controllers. We go searching for

extraterrestrial life. We get a Jackson Slim and x rysm update, and there's

a story about a comet that lost its tail. Stay with it, won't

you please? We'll be your whole stove gun quick. Hello there, Hollie,

how you hi? Steve? Nice to be in the studio down under

again. Well, it's always a pleasure to have you with us, Hollie.

What's on the menu today? Hey, did you hear about SpaceX and

Macazilla. Oh? Yes, there's the incredible rocket catching mechanism Elon Musk is

building for Starship. We'll hear more about that later. And what about Jackson's

dual pilot lunch. Yes, they want to be the next nation to touch

down on the Moon with their slim probe. But that mission has a double

feature and we'll get into that one as well. Sounds fun. And how

about mister Nishimura discovering a comet in August? Amazing story. Well, astro

photographers worldwide have been snapping incredible photographs of comet Nishi Mura. If you haven't

heard of it yet, you will shortly because it's making its way through the

Solar system. The comet was discovered on in August only this year by amateur

astronomer Hideo Nishimura of Kakega City in Japan, using only a Canon digital camera

with a telephoto lens. Discovering a comet using and off the shelf camera is

quite an accomplishment, as most new comets these days that discovered with automated telescopes

such as the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System or pan Stars, which

are located in Hawaii. For the past few weeks, comet hunters and astrophotographers

worldwide have been following the progress of Comet Nishimura, capturing some incredible images in

the process. And you can go to x formerly known as Twitter, and

you should be able to see some great photos of the comet scene by skywatchers

from all over the world. They sure can. These next few weeks should

be promising for spotting Comet Nishimura. The ball of ice and dust is approaching

its closest point to Earth, which it will reach on September twelve, before

arriving what is known as Parahelion, its closest approach to the Sun on September

seventeen. The comet is currently making its way through the Leo constellation in the

early morning hours just before sunrise. To see this spectacle, look to the

east between in the pre dawn hours. A stargazing app might be your best

bet to help you locate the comet, while binoculars or a telescope should help

access a good solid view of this through binoculars or a small to medium sized

telescope. Expect to see a fuzzy greenish orb but with more high powered optics

you should be able to resolve the comet's tail itself. Notable comet hunter Michael

Jaeger of Austria has captured a plethora of breath taking images of Comet Nishima through

the September period so far, and earlier this month he even caught the comet

lose its tail in what is known as a disconnection event due to well,

hallie, what do you think would make a comet lose it tail? Solar

wind or solar storm? There was an event like that recently, so it

would have disturbed the tail of course, Well, that's right. Coronial outgassing

or solar wind was disruptive enough to make the comets tail dissipate from view.

But then the same photographer was able to recapture the comet with its tail back

in place again. In fact, a few days later, on September five,

Ye photographed the comet having regrown a well pronounced tail. Nick Bull,

who was well known for his stonehenge droneescapes, posted a beautiful photo on x

formerly known as Twitter I'm gonna have to say that every time. Aren't of

the comet in the skies above Stonehenge on September six, perfectly framed above the

prehistoric stone monument. So you should go and take a look at that image

and the other images that are posted on X of Comet Nishimura once in a

lifetime event, everybody, And now, Halley, why don't you give us

the short takes no worries. Here we go. When you look up in

the night sky and find your way to the north star, you are looking

at Polaris. Not only is it the brightest star in the ursa minor constellation

also known as the Little Dipper, but its position relative to the north celestial

pole less than one degree away makes it useful for orienteering and navigation. Since

the age of modern astronomy, scientists have understood that the star is a binary

system, consisting of an F type yellow supergiant Polaris AA and a smaller main

sequence yellow dwarf Polaris B. Further observations revealed that Polaris AA is a classic

seafiad variable, a stellar class that pulses regularly for most of the twentieth century.

Records indicate that the pulsation period has been increasing while the pulsation amplitude has

been declining, but recently this changed as the pulsation period started getting shorter,

all the amplitude of the velocity variations stopped increasing. According to a new study

by Guiermo Torres, an astronomer with the Harvard and Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics,

these behaviors could be attributed to long term changes related to the binary nature of

the system, where the two stars get closer to each other and the secondary

perturbs the atmosphere of the primary seafiid variables are stars that pulsate radially, causing

them to vary in diameter and temperature. These pulsations are directly related to changes

in their brightness, which makes them a useful tool for measuring galactic and extragalactic

distances. The variable nature of Polaris was confirmed in nineteen eleven by Danish astronomer

Egner Hertz's Deprone, for whom the Hertz Sprung Russell diagram is partly named.

Observations conducted throughout the twentieth century have shown that Polaris has a consistent pulse period

of about four days, which has been steadily increasing every year. As doctor

Torres explained today email, this recently began to change, leading many astronomers to

question what is driving Polaris pulsations. For more than one hundred and fifty years,

and up until about two thousand ten, the period had been getting longer

by about four or five seconds each year, he said. Modern observations have

shown that this trend has now reversed and the pulsation period is getting shorter.

This is an unexpected change, showing that there is still much that we do

not understand about Polaris and other stars like it. To learn more about Polaris

pulsation period, Torres consulted radial velocity RV measurements going back to eighteen eighty eight.

This technique consists of measuring spectra from a distant star and looking for redshift

and blue shift, which are indications that the star is moving back and forth.

This technique also yields accurate estimates of its velocity. Torres sample included more

than three thousand, six hundred RV measurements, including the nearly one thousand,

two hundred spectroscopic observations carried out by the Lick Observatory over more than sixty years.

This allowed Torres to trace the evolution of the pulsation properties of Polaris,

which showed how often pulses occur and their amplitude as well. NASA's quest for

extraterrestrial life now includes technosignatures, evidence of advanced civilizations on distant exoplanets. Through

AI, new research methods and a broadened focus, scientists remain hopeful in discovering

life beyond Earth. Our first confirmed proof of life beyond Earth might not involve

biology at all. It's possible that we might intercept communication through electromagnetic waves like

radio, or find telescopic evidence of epic engineering. While the search remains largely

focused on non technological life, NASA scientists also have begun to consider what technological

traces of intelligent life. Technosignatures might look like. They wouldn't come from planets

in our Solar System, but rather from far flung exoplanets that we cannot see

up close. Among the possibilities are laser or radio pulses, signs of artificial

chemicals in the atmospheres of distant planets, or Dyson spheres, massive structures built

around stars to collect their energy. As acceptance in a scientific community slowly grows.

A field once derided as a search for little green men is showing early

signs of blossoming into a mature, serious investigation. That's something we've worked very

hard on to establish our legitimacy and distance ourselves from pseudoscience, said Jill Tartar,

and astronomer known for decades as a leader in the search for intelligent life

beyond Earth. If anything, my conviction that this is an important and reasonable

thing to do has increased. Tartar is the co founder and former director of

the Center for SETI Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Research at the SETI Institute, as

well as the inspiration for the main character in Carl Sagan's nineteen eighty five novel

A Contact. She says one of the biggest challenges today is moving the search

for signs of technology beyond just radio signals. We still want to look at

all the sky, all the time, at all wavelengths, Tartar said,

including pulses of laser light that might be used for communication. Another challenge is

short lived transient signals, one time events that can be bright and energetic mixed

Among the many natural sources for such signals, like gamma ray bursts or supernovy

might be artificial transients from distant civilizations, an engineered signal lasting less than a

few minutes, but teasing them apart likely would require enormous amounts of computer time.

We're trying to figure out how to do that, Tartar said. That

is our focus now. Artificial intelligence could prove an ally in such searches.

Sophisticated algorithms can sort through large amounts of data for patterns that could indicate an

engineered signal, and AI searches likely would have fewer of the pause biases of

human analysts, who might tend to focus their search on types of signals they've

defined in advance or view as more likely. SpaceX's Starship, the most powerful

rocket ever built, must remain grounded while Elon Musk's company completes dozens of corrective

actions to prevent a repeat of the spectacular explosion that marked its first orbital test

flight. Regulators set Friday. The sixty three steps include redesigns of vehicle hardware

to prevent leaks and fires, redesign of the launch pad to increase its robustness,

additional testing of safety systems, and more. The federal Aviation Administration FAA

said in a statement, after completing a month's long review, SpaceX blew up

the uncred rocket four minutes after it blasted off from the company's star base in

Boca Chica, Texas, on April twentieth. Starship experienced multiple engine failures and

its first stage booster did not separate from the spacecraft above it. The rocket

disintegrated into a ball of that crashed into the Gulf of Mexico while a cloud

of dust floated over a small town several miles kilometers away. Musk immediately congratulated

his SpaceX team on an exciting test launch and declared it a success because the

company would gain valuable insights into what went wrong. The FAA, however,

quickly launched an investigation, while conservation groups announced they would sue the regulator for

not doing enough to protect the environment given the proximity of a vital habitat for

protected species. Though the probe has now been completed, the closure of the

mishap investigation does not signal an immediate resumption of Starship launches at Boca Chica,

said the agency. SpaceX must implement all corrective actions that impact public safety and

apply for and receive a license modification from the FAA that addresses all safety,

environmental, and other applicable regulatory requirements. Prior to the next starship launch it

added, and finally, after a breaking two week mission, India's robotic Chandreaan

three explorers are fast asleep in the frigid darkness of the Moon's south pole region.

Whether they'll wake up when the sun shines down on them at the end

of this lunar night mostly whittles down to luck. Temperatures near the Moon's poles

can drop to as low as four hundred and twenty four degrees fahrenheit minus two

hundred and fifty three degrees celsius or twenty k Yet neither Shandrea in threes Lander

the Crumb, nor its rover Prugyon, which made a historic touchdown on August

twenty third, are equipped with heaters otherwise common for Moon missions. These heaters,

called radioisotope heater units RHUs, work by passively radiating heat to keep the

hardware on board spacecraft at sustainable operating temperatures. Most commonly, RHUs used in

space missions convert heat generated from the natural decay of radioactive versions of plutonium or

polonium into electrical power. This process ultimately warms spacecraft hardware, though mostly just

enough to help it survive very cold temperatures. But without such power systems,

the survival of Chandra and three's robotic duo is left to chance. And that's

the short takes for today. You're listening to Astronomy Daily Steve dunk Oh,

I can relate to those poor little probes on the Moon that's freezing in the

cold lunar night. It's only a few days into the Australian spring and I'm

freezing. I can tell you that right here in the studio, it is

absolutely freezing. So I don't want to turn on the heat because you'll be

able to hear it through the microphones. I've got a very noisy heat and

I know that's a long way away from what's going on in the real world.

But anyway, as always a reminder that you can always find back episodes

of Astronomy Daily and our parent podcast, Space Nuts with Andrew Dunkley and profess

so Fred Watson at bytes dot com. That's b I tesz dot com and

also space Nuts dot io and one more thing. Once again, I'll remind

you don't forget to sign up for the Astronomy Daily newsletter at that same address.

That's bytes dot com and also space nuts dot io. And now here's

the next bit. Just when you thought space x couldn't outdo themselves, they've

gone and invented a new way of landing their their boosters and rockets. SpaceX

has tested its new Starship catching launched tower. Yes, you heard it.

This was announced about a year ago, so it's not new news, but

they've released a video recently that has just knocked my socks off. SpaceX has

installed a pair of rocket catching arms on a tower meant to support the first

easter coast launches of its next generation Starship rocket. The company has been building

the second several second of several planned Starship launched sites for more than three years.

Ironically, work on that pad began before the company started building the pad

that will actually support starships first or orbital launch attempts. Located at a stone's

throw from the Gulf of Mexico in Boca Chica, Texas, the first iteration

of SpaceX as star based orbit launch ols and is nearly complete and could host

Starship's orbit launch debut in a matter of months. SpaceX began constructing Starships Texas

launch site in Earnest LLN late twenty twenty. SpaceX has shown us in recent

years how science fiction can quickly become reality with rapid fire, routine rocket trips

to the ISS, and new developments in landing systems that are straight out of

the old movies. And it's the latest rocket landing concept that has got tongues

wagging all over spaceflight community. It's one thing to land a rocket used rocket

booster on a barge or a landing pad, which sounded at the time like

crazy idea. But now take a look at how SpaceX plans to land the

big Starship rocket. Here's the big one. The same tower that will be

used to launch the rocket will also attempt catching the spent booster when it comes

back to Earth. Because NASA's trepidation at the thought of Starship failure indefinitely delaying

SpaceX from completing its true crew Dragon or Falcon Heavy contracts for the agency,

the company deprioritize Starship's Florida pad, slowing progress. SpaceX has nonetheless made significant

progress. In thirteen months, SpaceX has created foundations, modified one of pad

thirty nine a's giant spherical tanks to store cryogenic methane, installed miles of plumbing,

built and assembled a second skyscraper size starship launch tower, installed the legs

of the pad's orbital launch mount or OLM, installed a water deluge system at

the base of the OLM, assembled most of the olm's doughnut like mount off

site, constructed a new superside storage tank, and delivered a forest of smaller

storage tanks. Most recently, space X finished building a giant pair of steel

arms, transported the arms to Pad thirty nine A, attached them to a

wheeled carriage, and installed the structure on Starship's Florida launched our. SpaceX employees

have nicknamed the arms chopsticks, and those arms are integral to what CEO Elon

Musk calls Mechazilla. Macazilla refers to the combined launch tower and arms which SpaceX

has designed to grab, lift, stack, and fuel both stages of Starship.

Macazilla's simplest part is a third arm that is vertically fixed in place,

but capable of swinging left and right. The swing arm contains plumbing and an

umbilical device that connects to starship's upper stage and supplies propellant, gas, power,

and connectivity. The towers chopsticks are far more complex. Giant hinges connect

the pair of arms to a carriage that grabs onto the three of the tower's

four legs with a dozen skate like appendages. Those skates are outfitted with wheels

allowing the carriage to roll up and down tracks built into the tower's legs.

The carriage, which also carries the complex hydraulic systems that allow its bus size

arms to move, is connected by steel cable to a heavy duty draw works

capable of hoisting the multi hundred ton assembly up and down the tower. Once

finished, the Florida Towers arms will be able to precisely lift, maneuver,

stack and d stack Starship and super Heavy even in relatively windy conditions. At

some point in the future, SpaceX may attempt to use its towers and chopsticks

to catch starships and super heavies out of midair and speed up use. Set

to be the largest, most powerful, and most capable rocket in history,

Starship is primarily built out of steel and designed to be fully reusable. SpaceX

as a long way to go to demonstrate that the one hundred and twenty meter

tall rocket can reach orbit let alone be reused. In theory, though,

Starship is meant to launch up to one hundred and fifty metric tons to low

Earth orbit while still allowing for the recovery and reuse of its suborbital super heavy

booster and orbital Starship upper stage. If space X can achieve these figures,

Starship will be the most capable rocket in history, even with the major performance

penalties that full reusability entails. Sat In five, the most capable ever flown,

was fully expendable and could launch up to one hundred and eighteen metric tons.

Due to nassa's concerns about the risk that Starship launches from thirty nine A

could pose to SpaceX's Falcon and Dragon operations at the same site, the company's

next generation rocket may have to wait until twenty twenty four or twenty twenty five

for the first Florida launch. With the first Florida Mecazilla now closed to completion,

it's likely that Pad thirty nine as Starship launch site, will be ready

and waiting as soon as NASA gives space x the green light. Well,

they were only ten days late launching, but they got off the ground.

Nonetheless, Japan joins the new race for the Moon with its launch carrying the

SLIM moon Lander and x RHYSM or X ray telescope on a space double header.

A few months from now, the SLIM moon probe will hopefully make a

lunar history landing try. Yes, Japan sent two ambitious missions sawing into the

heavens. That was on September six. As we reported at the time,

This mission carrying the pioneering lunar lander and a powerful X ray telescope. You

may recall in last week's Monday episode of Astronomy Daily, I mentioned that a

Japanese H two, a rocket carrying the SLIM moon Lander and the EXTRAISM space

telescope, lifted up from tangashim A Space Center about ten days later than originally

planned thanks to weather delays, but both spacecraft were deployed on schedule sequentially less

than an hour after liftoff, and if all goes according to plan, a

few months from now, SLIM, which stands for Smart Lander for investigating Moon.

Isn't that just a gem, will attempt to pull off Japan's first ever

soft lunar landing. A pinpoint touchdown that will pave the way for even more

ambitious feats down the road. SLIM aims to achieve a lightweight probe system on

a small scale and use a pinpoint landing technology necessary for future lunar probes.

Officials with Jackson Japan Aerospace Exploration set in emission description, the project will aim

to cut weight for higher function observational equipment and to land on resource scarce planet

with an eye toward future Solar system research probes. They added. SLIM is

a small spacecraft roughly fifteen hundred and forty pounds or seven hundred kilograms, but

about seventy percent of that is propellant. SLIM will take a long, looping

and fuel efficient route to the Moon, finally reaching lunar orbit three or four

months from now. It will then either lunar surface for another month or so

before attempting a touchdown inside Sholy Crater, a one thousand foot wide or three

hundred meter impact feature that lies at a thirteen degree south latitude on the Moon's

list near side. The probe aims to land within three hundred and thirty feet

or hundred meters of a target point within Sholy Crater. A more precise touchdown

than previous lunar landers have attempted. The goal is to demonstrate the pinpoint landing

tech that could open the Moon and other celestial bodies to more extensive exploration.

By creating the Slim Lander, humans will make a quantitative shift toward being able

to land where we want, and not just where it is easy to land,

as the case has been before. Jack's officials wrote in an emission description.

By achieving this, it will become possible to land on planets even more

resource scarce than the Moon. Slim also carries two mini probes which will be

ejected onto the lunar surface following touchdown. Those two little craft will help the

mission team monitor the status of the larger lander, take photos of the landing

site, and provide an independent communication system for direct communication with Earth. According

to Jackson's mission press kit, Slim isn't the first lander that Jackson has built.

The agency's tiny Omatanashi craft was one of ten CubeSats that launched with NASA's

Artemis one Moon mission in November twenty twenty two. While Artemis one succeeded on

the Tanashi did not, its handlers couldn't establish communication with the little probe in

time for its planned touchdown. Several of the other artemus I cube SATs failed

in their mission as well, and a Japanese lander has tried its hand at

lunar touchdown before. The Tokyo based company Icepace Hakuto R lander reached lunar orbit,

a huge accomplishment for a private spacecraft, but crashed during its touchdown attempt.

This past April success by SLIM would therefore be historic. Just four nations

have soft landed a probe on the Moon to date, the Soviet Union,

United States, China, and India. India put its name on the exclusive

list just last month when Chandrean three touched down near the lunar South Pole.

As exciting as SLIM is, it's merely the secondary payload on this particular mission.

The main spacecraft is EXTRASM, which is headed for a perch in low

Earth orbit. EXTRASM, short for X Ray Imaging and SPECTROSCI, mission is

a collaboration involving Jackson, NASA and the European Space Agency. Its full name

suggests the telescope will study the universe in high energy X ray light. X

ray astronomy enables us to study the most energetic phenomena in the universe. Matteo

Gesa project scientists for EXTRYSM, said in a statement, it holds the key

to answering important questions in modern astrophysics, how the largest structures in the universe

evolve, how the matter we're all ultimately composed of, was distributed through the

cosmos, and how galaxies are shaped by massive black holes in their centers.

He added. The observatory will focus particularly on the super hot gas surrounding galaxy

clusters. Jackson has designed EXTRYSM to detect X ray light from this gas to

help astronomers measure the total mass of these systems. ESA officials wrote in the

same statement, this will reveal information about the formation and evolution of the universe.

EXTRASM won't be the only X ray telescope studying the heavens from Earth.

Orbit. Also up there right now, for example, our NASA's Chandra X

ray Observatory and e says MM Newton, both of which launched in nineteen ninety

nine, as well as NASA's New Star which lifted off in twenty twelve.

And just like that, we've come to the end of another episode of Astronomy.

Daily. I'm Steve Dugley, your host from down Under and it's been

an absolute pleasure being with you again. I hope you will join us again

next Monday from the down Under Studio. Tim Gibbs will be with you on

Friday from Bath in England and Halley. Of course we'll be skipping between us

at the speed of light. Thanks again for joining us when we will be

bringing you all the stories from around the world to do with astronomy, space

and space science. See you again, Bye, See you next time The

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