Lunar Ambitions: China's Nuclear Plans, Exoplanet Breakthroughs, and Hubble's 35-Year Legacy

0:00 Speaker 1: Welcome to Astronomy Daily. I'm your host Anna. Thanks for

0:04 Speaker 1: joining me today as we explore the fascinating world beyond

0:07 Speaker 1: our atmosphere. Today's cosmic journey takes us from the Moon

0:10 Speaker 1: to the far reaches of space as we dive into

0:13 Speaker 1: some truly remarkable developments in astronomy and space exploration. We'll

0:17 Speaker 1: be starting close to home with China's ambitious plans to

0:20 Speaker 1: construct a nuclear power plant on the lunar surface in

0:23 Speaker 1: collaboration with Russia, a bold step toward establishing a permanent

0:26 Speaker 1: human presence on our celestial neighbor. Then we'll examine a

0:30 Speaker 1: groundbreaking new technology from researchers at the University of Arizona

0:34 Speaker 1: that could revolutionize our ability to detect exoplanets by effectively

0:39 Speaker 1: dimming the overwhelming light of their parent stars. This coronagraph

0:43 Speaker 1: breakthrough might just help us find Earth like planets, in

0:46 Speaker 1: habitable zones, and potentially signs of life. If you're an

0:50 Speaker 1: early Riser, you're in for a treat this week. We'll

0:53 Speaker 1: tell you about a mini planet parade happening on April

0:55 Speaker 1: twenty fourth, when Mercury, Venus, Saturn, Neptune, and our Moon

1:00 Speaker 1: will cluster together in the pre dawn sky, creating a

1:03 Speaker 1: spectacular viewing opportunity for amateur astronomers and stargazers. We have

1:08 Speaker 1: exciting news about asteroid Vesta, which reaches opposition on May second,

1:13 Speaker 1: and this ancient protoplanet will be visible even to the

1:16 Speaker 1: naked eye under the right conditions, with a special viewing

1:19 Speaker 1: opportunity coming up when it forms a temporary double star

1:22 Speaker 1: with another celestial object. Finally, we'll celebrate a major milestone

1:26 Speaker 1: as the Hubble Space Telescope marks its thirty fifth year

1:29 Speaker 1: in orbit. We'll look back at how this remarkable instrument

1:33 Speaker 1: has transformed our understanding of the universe and continues to

1:36 Speaker 1: make groundbreaking discoveries after more than three decades. So settle

1:40 Speaker 1: in as we journey through these cosmic wonders and explore

1:43 Speaker 1: the latest developments in our ongoing quest to understand the universe.

1:48 Speaker 1: In what can only be described as one of the

1:50 Speaker 1: most ambitious lunar projects since the Apollo era, China has

1:54 Speaker 1: revealed plans to develop a nuclear power plant on the Moon.

1:58 Speaker 1: This extraordinary undertaking would support the International Lunar Research Station,

2:02 Speaker 1: a collaborative effort between China and Russia aimed at establishing

2:06 Speaker 1: a sustained human presence on our nearest celestial neighbor. The

2:11 Speaker 1: announcement came during a presentation by a senior Chinese space

2:14 Speaker 1: official just last week, highlighting the serious intentions behind what

2:19 Speaker 1: might otherwise sound like science fiction. This nuclear facility would

2:23 Speaker 1: provide the consistent power needed for long term lunar operations,

2:27 Speaker 1: addressing one of the fundamental challenges of maintaining a permanent

2:31 Speaker 1: outpost so far from Earth. The timeline for this lunar

2:35 Speaker 1: endeavor centers around the Changi eight mission, scheduled for twenty

2:39 Speaker 1: twenty eight. This mission will serve as the foundation for

2:41 Speaker 1: what China hopes will become a permanent, manned lunar base

2:45 Speaker 1: by twenty thirty five. The preliminary plans also include implementing

2:50 Speaker 1: large scale solar arrays, alongside an intricate network of pipelines

2:54 Speaker 1: and cables built across the lunar surface to distribute heat

2:57 Speaker 1: and electricity to the various components of the research station.

3:02 Speaker 1: What makes this particularly interesting is how China's lunar ambitions

3:06 Speaker 1: mirror the timeline of NASA's own Artemis program, which aims

3:10 Speaker 1: to return American astronauts to the Moon by twenty twenty seven.

3:15 Speaker 1: We appear to be entering a new era of lunar

3:17 Speaker 1: exploration and possibly settlement, reminiscent of the space race of

3:21 Speaker 1: the nineteen sixties, but with more emphasis on establishing long

3:25 Speaker 1: term infrastructure rather than simply planting flags. The China Russia

3:30 Speaker 1: collaboration is especially notable given the current geopolitical landscape. Recent

3:35 Speaker 1: Western sanctions have significantly limited Russia's access to space technology,

3:41 Speaker 1: making this partnership strategically valuable for both nations. For Russia,

3:45 Speaker 1: it provides continued involvement in cutting edge space exploration, while

3:49 Speaker 1: China gains access to Russia's decades of experience in space

3:53 Speaker 1: operations and technology. Building a nuclear power plant on the

3:57 Speaker 1: Moon presents enormous engineering challenges. The facility would need to

4:01 Speaker 1: withstand extreme temperature variations, radiation exposure, and the complications of

4:06 Speaker 1: lunar dust, not to mention the logistical hurdles of transporting

4:10 Speaker 1: construction materials and equipment two hundred thirty eight thousand miles

4:14 Speaker 1: from Earth. Yet the advantages are equally significant. Nuclear power

4:18 Speaker 1: offers the high energy, density and reliability needed for a

4:22 Speaker 1: permanent lunar base without the limitations of solar power During

4:25 Speaker 1: the two weak lunar nights. If successful, this endeavor could

4:29 Speaker 1: fundamentally alter humanity's relationship with our nearest celestial neighbor, transforming

4:35 Speaker 1: the Moon from a destination for brief visits to a

4:37 Speaker 1: place where people may one day live and work for

4:40 Speaker 1: extended periods. It also raises fascinating questions about international cooperation, competition,

4:47 Speaker 1: and the potential commercialization of lunar resources in the decades ahead.

4:52 Speaker 1: Next up today, Imagine being able to see a planet

4:55 Speaker 1: a billion times dimmer than its star. It sounds impossible, right, Well,

5:00 Speaker 1: researchers at the University of Arizona have developed a breakthrough

5:04 Speaker 1: technology that might just make this seemingly impossible feat a reality.

5:09 Speaker 1: Their innovative coronagraph design could revolutionize how we detect exoplanets

5:13 Speaker 1: by effectively turning down the overwhelming brightness of their parent stars.

5:17 Speaker 1: Lead researcher Nico Deshler explain the fundamental challenge. Earth Like

5:22 Speaker 1: planets in the habitable zone can easily be up to

5:25 Speaker 1: a billion times dimmer than their host star. This extreme

5:30 Speaker 1: brightness difference has been a persistent obstacle in our quest

5:33 Speaker 1: to directly observe potentially habitable worlds. When a planet is

5:38 Speaker 1: so drastically outshined it's like trying to spot a firefly

5:41 Speaker 1: next to a stadium floodlight. The team's solution, published in

5:46 Speaker 1: the journal Optica, is remarkably elegant. Their coronagraph essentially siphons

5:51 Speaker 1: away the starlight that would normally overwhelm the faint light

5:54 Speaker 1: from nearby exoplanets. What makes this approach particularly exciting is

5:59 Speaker 1: that it can reach what's scientists call quantum optical limits

6:02 Speaker 1: for exoplanet detection, pushing the boundaries of what we previously

6:06 Speaker 1: thought possible. In laboratory testing, the team demonstrated that their

6:10 Speaker 1: system could identify the positions of synthetic exoplanets much closer

6:14 Speaker 1: to their artificial host stars than standard resolution limits would

6:18 Speaker 1: normally allow. This capability is critical because the most interesting planets,

6:23 Speaker 1: those potentially capable of supporting life, tend to orbit in

6:27 Speaker 1: close proximity to their stars. The technology relies on what

6:31 Speaker 1: scientists call spatial mode sorting. Think of light from different

6:34 Speaker 1: sources in space as creating distinct patterns, similar to different

6:38 Speaker 1: notes on a piano. The coronagraph uses a mode sorder

6:42 Speaker 1: to filter out the overwhelming starlight, followed by an inverse

6:45 Speaker 1: mode sorder to reconstruct the image, allowing the exoplanet's light

6:49 Speaker 1: to emerge with remarkable clarity. What separates this approach from

6:53 Speaker 1: other detection methods is that it captures direct images, rather

6:57 Speaker 1: than inferring a planet's existence through indirect means. Our coronagraph

7:01 Speaker 1: directly captures an image of the exoplanet. Deshler noted images

7:05 Speaker 1: can provide context and composition information that can be used

7:09 Speaker 1: to determine exoplanet orbits and identify other objects that scatter

7:13 Speaker 1: light from a star. To validate their concept, the researchers

7:17 Speaker 1: constructed a laboratory setup mimicking a star exoplanet system with

7:21 Speaker 1: a one thousand to one brightness contrast. By simulating the

7:25 Speaker 1: planet's orbit and capturing images frame by frame, they were

7:29 Speaker 1: able to pinpoint its position at separations previously considered impossible

7:33 Speaker 1: to resolve. The implications of this technology extend far beyond

7:37 Speaker 1: just finding planets. If this coronagraph can be refined and

7:41 Speaker 1: scaled up for astronomical observatories, it could potentially allow scientists

7:45 Speaker 1: to analyze the atmospheres of Earth like exoplanets for biosignatures

7:50 Speaker 1: chemical indicators that might reveal the presence of life. Beyond

7:53 Speaker 1: our Solar system. The timing couldn't be better, as NASA

7:57 Speaker 1: has prioritized exoplanet discovery with its own planned Habitable World's observatory.

8:02 Speaker 1: This next generation space telescope will specifically target potentially habitable exoplanets,

8:07 Speaker 1: and technologies like this advanced coronagraph could be instrumental to

8:11 Speaker 1: its success. The research team is now working to refine

8:14 Speaker 1: their spatial mode sorder to reduce what they call optical crosstalk,

8:18 Speaker 1: essentially light leakage between channels that can contaminate the results.

8:23 Speaker 1: While manageable in moderate contrast scenarios, the extreme brightness differences

8:28 Speaker 1: in exoplanet studies demand exceptional light isolation. Beyond astronomy, the

8:34 Speaker 1: techniques developed for this coronagraph could have applications in other

8:37 Speaker 1: fields like quantum sensing, communications, and advanced imaging. It's yet

8:43 Speaker 1: another example of how the quest to explore other worlds

8:46 Speaker 1: drives innovation that benefits multiple scientific disciplines. Early birds, mark

8:53 Speaker 1: your calendars. An exceptional celestial event is about to grace

8:57 Speaker 1: our pre dawn skies on April twenty fourth, when a

9:00 Speaker 1: striking mini planetary parade will unfold featuring Mercury Venus Saturn, Neptune,

9:05 Speaker 1: and Earth's Moon all clustering in the same region of

9:07 Speaker 1: the sky. This cosmic alignment offers a rare and beautiful

9:11 Speaker 1: photo opportunity for astronomy enthusiasts and early risers alike. What

9:15 Speaker 1: makes these planetary alignments so fascinating is the illusion they create.

9:20 Speaker 1: Though separated by hundreds of millions of miles in space,

9:23 Speaker 1: their orbital positions will temporarily align from our earthly perspective,

9:28 Speaker 1: making them appear remarkably close together in our sky. To

9:32 Speaker 1: witness this celestial gathering, you'll need to set your alarm

9:35 Speaker 1: clock early, look toward the eastern horizon around five fifteen

9:39 Speaker 1: am Local time, where you'll first spot the Moon as

9:42 Speaker 1: a thin, waning crescent approaching its new moon phase that

9:46 Speaker 1: will arrive on April twenty seventh. Its delicate, slender form

9:50 Speaker 1: will be hovering low on the horizon, creating a stunning

9:53 Speaker 1: visual anchor for the planetary procession. Directly to the left

9:57 Speaker 1: of the Moon, you'll find Venus shining brilliantly as our

10:00 Speaker 1: our current morning star. Venus has recently transitioned to morning

10:04 Speaker 1: visibility following its inferior solar conjunction on March twenty third,

10:08 Speaker 1: when it passed between Earth and the Sun, ending its

10:11 Speaker 1: appearance in our evening skies. Saturn can be located by

10:15 Speaker 1: looking slightly down into the right of Venus. The ringed

10:18 Speaker 1: planet will appear as a steady yellowish point of light.

10:22 Speaker 1: Mercury will be the last of the easily visible planets

10:25 Speaker 1: to rise, requiring a clear, unobstructed eastern horizon to be

10:29 Speaker 1: spotted before sunrise swallows it in growing daylight. Neptune, the

10:34 Speaker 1: most distant world in this cosmic lineup, will be nestled

10:38 Speaker 1: in the center of this planetary triangle. However, at magnitude

10:42 Speaker 1: seven point nine, this ice giant will remain invisible to

10:46 Speaker 1: the naked eye. Those hoping to glimpse Neptune's pale, blue

10:50 Speaker 1: green disc will need a telescope or powerful binoculars. This

10:55 Speaker 1: April alignment follows February's more expansive planetary parade, which featured

10:59 Speaker 1: all five of our Solar systems brightest planets Venus, Jupiter, Mars, Saturn,

11:04 Speaker 1: and Mercury, plus the ice giants Neptune and Uranus. While

11:09 Speaker 1: this week's gathering is more modest in scale, the addition

11:12 Speaker 1: of the waning crescent moon adds a particularly photogenic element

11:15 Speaker 1: that photographers won't want to miss. If you're planning to

11:19 Speaker 1: capture this celestial event, be sure to scout a location

11:22 Speaker 1: with a clear eastern horizon free from obstructions and light pollution.

11:27 Speaker 1: Remember that observing objects near the horizon often requires patients,

11:31 Speaker 1: as atmospheric conditions can affect visibility, and always exercise caution

11:37 Speaker 1: when viewing celestial objects near sunrise. Never look directly at

11:41 Speaker 1: the Sun without proper solar filters. This many planetary parade

11:45 Speaker 1: is just one of many astronomical treats visible this northern spring,

11:50 Speaker 1: offering a perfect opportunity to connect with our cosmic neighborhood

11:53 Speaker 1: before dawn breaks on an ordinary Wednesday that will briefly

11:57 Speaker 1: become extraordinary for those who know where to look. And

12:01 Speaker 1: while you're in the mood to be looking up, here's

12:03 Speaker 1: another treat for you. While most asteroids remain dim specks

12:07 Speaker 1: visible only through telescopes, asteroid Vesta is quite the celestial standout.

12:13 Speaker 1: Reaching opposition. On May second, Vesta will achieve peak brightness,

12:17 Speaker 1: becoming visible even to the naked eye if you're observing

12:20 Speaker 1: from a dark sky location. This remarkable visibility isn't just

12:24 Speaker 1: a coincidence. Vesta occupies a unique position in our Solar

12:28 Speaker 1: System as both asteroid and protoplanet. NASA's down mission, which

12:33 Speaker 1: orbited Vesta for fourteen months between twenty eleven and twenty twelve,

12:36 Speaker 1: revealed fascinating details about this enigmatic world. Its surface contains

12:41 Speaker 1: highly reflective basaltic rock alongside darker carbonaceous material delivered by

12:45 Speaker 1: meteorite impacts. What makes Vesta truly special is its unusual brightness,

12:50 Speaker 1: which scientists now believe stems from its early planetary development.

12:55 Speaker 1: A twenty twelve study of a Vesta meteorite discovered evidence

12:59 Speaker 1: of an aba magnetic field that existed three point seven

13:02 Speaker 1: billion years ago. This confirms that Vesta is one of

13:06 Speaker 1: the few confirmed protoplanets in our Solar System. During its

13:10 Speaker 1: embryonic planetary phase more than four billion years ago, Vesta's

13:13 Speaker 1: interior was hot enough to melt and differentiate into distinct layers,

13:18 Speaker 1: a metallic iron core, dense mantle, and outer crust. The

13:22 Speaker 1: molten metal within its core generated an asteroid wide magnetic

13:26 Speaker 1: field that likely shielded Vesta's surface from the solar wind

13:30 Speaker 1: and cosmic rays that typically darkened surface minerals. Through a

13:33 Speaker 1: process called space weathering. This protective magnetic field may explain

13:37 Speaker 1: why Vesta maintains its radiant appearance today, making it an

13:41 Speaker 1: accessible target for amateur astronomers. Currently shining at a robust

13:45 Speaker 1: magnitude five point seven, Vesta is tracking from northern Libra

13:49 Speaker 1: into Virgo this month and next. Even modest pocket binoculars

13:53 Speaker 1: will reveal its presence. For those hoping to spot Vesta

13:56 Speaker 1: without optical aid, try this technique. First confirm its position

14:01 Speaker 1: with binoculars, then use nearby stars to create a distinctive

14:05 Speaker 1: pattern that includes the asteroid. By employing averted vision, looking

14:09 Speaker 1: slightly to the side of your target rather than directly

14:12 Speaker 1: at it, you can gradually coax Vesta into view. The

14:15 Speaker 1: two point six magnitude star Beta Libre, also known as Zubeneschamali,

14:20 Speaker 1: and fourth magnitude move Virginese provide useful reference points. Stargazers

14:25 Speaker 1: have a special opportunity from April twenty third or through

14:28 Speaker 1: twenty seventh, when Vesta will lie within just thirty five

14:31 Speaker 1: arc minutes of the four point five magnitude star sixteen Libray.

14:37 Speaker 1: As Vesta slides northwest in retrograde motion, it will form

14:41 Speaker 1: a temporary double star with its stellar companion. This alignment

14:45 Speaker 1: makes locating the asteroid particularly easy, while also highlighting its

14:49 Speaker 1: night to night movement. On April twenty fifth and twenty sixth,

14:54 Speaker 1: the pair will be separated by a mere ten arc

14:56 Speaker 1: minutes the night before this close approach, Vesta forms a compact,

15:01 Speaker 1: nearly linear trio with sixteen libri and HD thirteen twenty

15:05 Speaker 1: third seventy five, a magnitude six point one star located

15:09 Speaker 1: forty five arc minutes to its southeast. These alignments offer

15:13 Speaker 1: perfect opportunities to track this ancient protoplanet as it continues

15:17 Speaker 1: its journey around our Sun, carrying with it the secrets

15:20 Speaker 1: of our Solar system's early formation. And let's wrap up

15:24 Speaker 1: today's episode with a celebration. This April marks a truly

15:28 Speaker 1: remarkable milestone in space exploration, as NASA celebrates the Hubble

15:32 Speaker 1: Space Telescope's thirty fifth year in Earth orbit. To commemorate

15:36 Speaker 1: this incredible achievement, NASA is releasing a collection of stunning

15:40 Speaker 1: new images capturing everything from our planetary neighbor Mars, to

15:45 Speaker 1: distant star forming regions and neighboring galaxies. After more than

15:49 Speaker 1: three decades of peering into the Cosmos, Hubble remains not

15:53 Speaker 1: just relevant, but iconic. The most recognized and scientifically productive

15:58 Speaker 1: telescope in human history, the Hubble mission stands as a

16:02 Speaker 1: glowing testament to American technological prowess, scientific curiosity, and pioneering spirit.

16:09 Speaker 1: Launched on April twenty four, nineteen ninety, the twenty four

16:13 Speaker 1: thousand pound observatory was delivered to orbit tucked inside the

16:16 Speaker 1: Space Shuttle Discovery's cargo bay. At the time, NASA commentators

16:21 Speaker 1: described Hubble as a new window on the universe, a

16:25 Speaker 1: promise the telescope has fulfilled beyond anyone's wildest expectations. The

16:30 Speaker 1: telescope's journey hasn't been without challenges. Shortly after launch, engineers

16:35 Speaker 1: discovered an unexpected flaw in Hubble's nearly eight foot diameter

16:38 Speaker 1: primary mirror. This early setback was dramatically overcome when astronauts

16:43 Speaker 1: performed the first Shuttle servicing mission in December nineteen ninety three,

16:47 Speaker 1: installing corrective optics that restored Hubble's intended sharpness. Over the years,

16:53 Speaker 1: astronauts returned to Hubble four more times, upgrading its cameras, computers,

16:58 Speaker 1: and support systems during servicing missions that continued until two

17:01 Speaker 1: thousand and nine. The numbers behind Hubble's legacy are staggering.

17:05 Speaker 1: To date, the telescope has made nearly one point seven

17:08 Speaker 1: million observations, targeting approximately fifty five thousand astronomical objects. These

17:14 Speaker 1: observations have resulted in over twenty two thousand scientific papers

17:18 Speaker 1: and more than one point three million citations. The data

17:21 Speaker 1: collected by Hubble currently totals over four hundred terabytes, the

17:25 Speaker 1: largest data set for any NASA astrophysics mission aside from

17:29 Speaker 1: the James Webb Space Telescope. Hubble's long operational life has

17:33 Speaker 1: given astronomers the unprecedented ability to observe cosmic changes occurring

17:38 Speaker 1: over decades, from seasonal variations on planets in our Solar

17:41 Speaker 1: System to black hole jets traveling at nearly light speed,

17:45 Speaker 1: stellar convulsions, asteroid collisions, and expanding supernova remnants. The Telescope's

17:51 Speaker 1: impact on our understanding of the universe cannot be overstated.

17:55 Speaker 1: Before Hubble, powerful ground based telescopes could see only halfway

17:59 Speaker 1: across the cosmos, and estimates for the universe's age varied widely.

18:04 Speaker 1: Supermassive black holes were merely suspected to exist, and no

18:08 Speaker 1: planets had been detected around other stars. Among Hubble's groundbreaking achievements,

18:14 Speaker 1: its deep field images revealed countless galaxies dating back to

18:17 Speaker 1: the early universe. It allowed scientists to precisely measure the

18:21 Speaker 1: universe's expansion rate, It confirmed that supermassive black holes are

18:26 Speaker 1: common among galaxies, and it enabled the first measurements of

18:29 Speaker 1: exoplanet atmospheres. Perhaps most significantly, Hubble contributed to the discovery

18:35 Speaker 1: of dark energy, the mysterious force accelerating the universe's expansion,

18:40 Speaker 1: work that led to the twenty eleven Nobel Prize in physics.

18:44 Speaker 1: The Telescope's continued productivity has inspired and paved the way

18:49 Speaker 1: for a new generation of space observatories. Hubble provided the

18:53 Speaker 1: first evidence of the distant galaxies that the James Webb

18:56 Speaker 1: Space Telescope now studies in infrared wavelengths. Today, the two

19:01 Speaker 1: observatories often work in tandem, complementing each other's capabilities to

19:06 Speaker 1: study everything from exoplanets to galaxy evolution. Looking ahead, Hubble's

19:11 Speaker 1: plan successor, the Habitable World's Observatory, will feature a significantly

19:16 Speaker 1: larger mirror for observing invisible and ultraviolet light. It will

19:20 Speaker 1: be notably sharper than Hubble and up to one hundred

19:23 Speaker 1: times more sensitive to starlight, with a major goal of

19:26 Speaker 1: identifying potentially habitable terrestrial planets around neighboring stars. As Hubble

19:32 Speaker 1: continues making groundbreaking discoveries that shape our fundamental understanding of

19:36 Speaker 1: the universe, its legacy as humanity's most successful space telescope

19:41 Speaker 1: remains secure. A remarkable scientific instrument that has truly changed

19:45 Speaker 1: how we see our place in the cosmos, and that

19:49 Speaker 1: brings us to the end of today's cosmic journey on

19:52 Speaker 1: Astronomy Daily. What an incredible array of discoveries and celestial

19:56 Speaker 1: events we've covered, from China's ambitious lunar nuclear plant, to

20:00 Speaker 1: revolutionary exoplanet detection technology, April's mini planet parade, asteroid Vesta's visibility,

20:07 Speaker 1: and of course Hubble's remarkable thirty five year legacy. I'm Anna,

20:12 Speaker 1: and I want to thank you for joining me today

20:13 Speaker 1: as we explored these fascinating developments in space and astronomy.

20:17 Speaker 1: The universe never ceases to amaze us with its wonders,

20:21 Speaker 1: and I'm grateful to share these stories with you. If

20:24 Speaker 1: you're hungry for more astronomy news, I invite you to

20:27 Speaker 1: visit our website at Astronomy Daily dot io. Where you

20:30 Speaker 1: can catch up on all the latest space and astronomy

20:33 Speaker 1: happenings through our constantly updating newsfeed. You'll also find our

20:38 Speaker 1: complete archive of past episodes there, perfect for diving deeper

20:42 Speaker 1: into the cosmic topics that interest you most. Don't forget

20:46 Speaker 1: to subscribe to Astronomy Daily on all good podcast platforms,

20:49 Speaker 1: including Apple Podcasts, Spotify, YouTube, YouTube music, or wherever you

20:54 Speaker 1: get your podcasts. That way, you'll never miss an episode

20:56 Speaker 1: as we continue our journey through the cosmos together until

21:00 Speaker 1: next time, keep looking up and wondering about the magnificent

21:02 Speaker 1: universe we call home. This is Anna for Astronomy Daily.

21:06 Speaker 2: Signing off Sunny Day Stars, Start

21:26 Speaker 1: Star