S03E137: Jupiter's Storms, Moon's Fiery Past, and Extraterrestrial Cuisine

0:00 Speaker 1: Hello again, it's Steve here for another episode of Astronomy Daily.

0:02 Speaker 1: It's the twenty sixth of August twenty twenty four, the

0:08 Speaker 1: podcast to be Your Whole Steve Gune Clue Oh and

0:15 Speaker 1: welcome back to Astronomy Daily. Thanks for joining us again.

0:19 Speaker 1: Today we've got a mixed bag for you. We might

0:22 Speaker 1: as well start with the big one. We're going to

0:24 Speaker 1: have a look at something huge, a close look at

0:28 Speaker 1: the Great Red Spot. Now they've been a study and

0:32 Speaker 1: they've found out some interesting things about the Great Red

0:34 Speaker 1: Spot and its history. We're also going to be looking

0:37 Speaker 1: at the Moon and the Moon's history. There's possibility that

0:41 Speaker 1: it was once covered by magma. And there's been a

0:47 Speaker 1: huge competition in the United States to you to be

0:51 Speaker 1: talking about space food and one of the features of

0:54 Speaker 1: space food, well has got me intrigued. And you hear

0:58 Speaker 1: about that later. Don't know if you've heard about Polaris Dawn.

1:02 Speaker 1: Polaris Dawn is going to set a new record. Let's

1:04 Speaker 1: see if they can pull this one off. It's looking

1:07 Speaker 1: very good. But it's also famous for another reason, and

1:10 Speaker 1: we'll look at that and you know, one of the

1:12 Speaker 1: big features or one of the big reasons why space

1:16 Speaker 1: missions are they either get scrubbed or they go ahead.

1:20 Speaker 2: Is the cost.

1:21 Speaker 1: And we'll be going to look at the money, especially

1:24 Speaker 1: in one particular type of missions. So we'll look at

1:27 Speaker 1: the European Lander. And there's a great story about space

1:31 Speaker 1: colonies and the relationships that may or may not a

1:34 Speaker 1: merge between Earth and space colonies in the future. So

1:37 Speaker 1: that's going to be interesting. So over to Halle, take

1:41 Speaker 1: it away, Halle.

1:48 Speaker 2: Thanks Steve. Here's a fascinating story about one of the

1:53 Speaker 2: Solar System's greatest features. Jupiter's Great Red Spot stands out

1:57 Speaker 2: as one of the most iconic features in the Solar

1:59 Speaker 2: sit This massive atmospheric structure, currently spanning a diameter equal

2:04 Speaker 2: to that of Earth, is easily recognizable due to its

2:07 Speaker 2: striking redish hue, which can trast sharply with Jupiter's pale

2:10 Speaker 2: cloud tops. Even small telescopes can capture its distinct appearance.

2:16 Speaker 2: The Great Red Spot is a gigantic anticyclonic vortex, with

2:19 Speaker 2: winds reaching speeds of four hundred and fifty kilometers per

2:22 Speaker 2: hour along its outer edges. It holds the title of

2:25 Speaker 2: the largest and longest lasting vortex in the atmospheres of

2:28 Speaker 2: any planet in our Solar system. However, the exact age

2:32 Speaker 2: of the Great Red Spot is still debated, and the

2:34 Speaker 2: processes behind its formation remain a mystery. Speculation about the

2:39 Speaker 2: origin of the Great Red Spot dates back to the

2:41 Speaker 2: first telescopic observations made by the astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini,

2:45 Speaker 2: who in sixteen sixty five discovered a dark oval at

2:48 Speaker 2: the same latitude as the Great Red Spot and named

2:50 Speaker 2: it the Permanent Spot, since it was observed by him

2:53 Speaker 2: and other astronomers until seventeen thirteen. In a recent study,

2:58 Speaker 2: authors first analyzed the evolution of its over time, its structure,

3:01 Speaker 2: and the movements of both meteorological formations, the former Permanent

3:05 Speaker 2: Spot and the Great Red Spot. To do so, the

3:07 Speaker 2: used historical sources dating back to the mid seventeenth century,

3:11 Speaker 2: shortly after the invention of the telescope. From the measurements

3:15 Speaker 2: of sizes and movements, we deduce that it is highly

3:17 Speaker 2: unlikely that the current Great Red Spot was the permanent

3:20 Speaker 2: observed by G. D. Cassini. The Permanent Spot probably disappeared

3:25 Speaker 2: sometime between the mid eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, in which

3:27 Speaker 2: case we can say that the longevity of the Red

3:29 Speaker 2: Spot now exceeds one hundred and ninety years at least,

3:32 Speaker 2: explained Augustine Sanchezlovaga, professor of physics at the UPV slash

3:36 Speaker 2: EHU and who led this research. The Red Spot, which

3:40 Speaker 2: in eighteen seventy nine was thirty nine thousand kilometers in

3:43 Speaker 2: size at its longest axis, has been shrinking to about

3:46 Speaker 2: the current fourteen thousand kilometers and simultaneously becoming more rounded.

3:51 Speaker 2: What is more, since the nineteen seventies, several space missions

3:54 Speaker 2: have studied this meteorological phenomenon closely. Recently, various instruments on

3:59 Speaker 2: board the June omission in orbit around Jupiter have shown

4:01 Speaker 2: that the Great Red Spot is shallow and thin when

4:04 Speaker 2: compared to its horizontal dimension, as vertically it is about

4:07 Speaker 2: five hundred kilometers long, explained Sanchezlovega. Future research will aim

4:12 Speaker 2: to try and reproduce the shrinkage of the Great Red

4:14 Speaker 2: Spot over time in order to find out in greater

4:16 Speaker 2: detail the physical mechanisms underlying its sustainability over time. Data

4:26 Speaker 2: from India's recent Chandrayan three missions supports the idea that

4:29 Speaker 2: an ocean of molten rock once covered the Moon. On

4:32 Speaker 2: August twenty third, twenty twenty three, a lander called Vicrum

4:36 Speaker 2: successfully touched down on the lunar surface. Controllers then deployed

4:40 Speaker 2: a rover called Pregon, which had been stowed on Vicrum,

4:43 Speaker 2: to explore the landing site. The location where Vicrum touched

4:47 Speaker 2: down was further south than any other landing craft had

4:49 Speaker 2: previously been on the Moon. It gave scientists an insight

4:53 Speaker 2: into the geology of the Moon that had not yet

4:55 Speaker 2: been sampled. Pregon's measurements found that the particular mix of

4:59 Speaker 2: chemical l elements in the lunar soil or regolith surrounding

5:02 Speaker 2: the lander was relatively uniform. This regolith was primarily made

5:07 Speaker 2: up of a white rock type called pheroin an orthosite.

5:10 Speaker 2: The scientists say the chemical composition of the lunar South

5:13 Speaker 2: Pole regolith is intermediate between those of samples from two

5:16 Speaker 2: locations in the Moon's equatorial region, those collected by astronauts

5:19 Speaker 2: on the US Apollo sixteen flight in nineteen seventy two

5:22 Speaker 2: and those returned to Earth by the robotic Lunar twenty

5:25 Speaker 2: mission flown by the Soviet Union the same year. The

5:29 Speaker 2: broad similarity in the chemical compositions of all these samples,

5:32 Speaker 2: despite the fact they came from very distant geographical locations

5:35 Speaker 2: on the Moon, supports the idea that a single magma

5:38 Speaker 2: ocean covered the Moon early in its history. The Moon

5:41 Speaker 2: is thought to have formed when a Mars sized planet

5:43 Speaker 2: collided with Earth, ejecting rock that subsequently coalesced to form

5:47 Speaker 2: our planets only satellite. The lunar magma ocean is thought

5:51 Speaker 2: to have been present from its formation to tens or

5:53 Speaker 2: hundreds of millions of years afterwards. The cooling and crystallization

5:57 Speaker 2: of this magma ocean eventually led to the Pharao whae

6:00 Speaker 2: an noorthosite rocks that make up the Moon's crust. NASA

6:09 Speaker 2: challenged the public to make deep space food. It's all

6:11 Speaker 2: about engaging with creative people to find solutions for providing

6:14 Speaker 2: better food for space missions. And here's what happened. The

6:20 Speaker 2: challenge began in twenty twenty one and to date has

6:22 Speaker 2: included more than three hundred teams from thirty two countries.

6:25 Speaker 2: The endeavor is also split between NASA and the Canadian

6:28 Speaker 2: Space Agency. Talk about a spaceborne food fight, Wright Steve.

6:34 Speaker 1: That sounds like fun to me.

6:35 Speaker 2: Halle Winners were selected during the first two phases of

6:38 Speaker 2: the competition and the final Phase three began in September

6:42 Speaker 2: twenty twenty three. For American teams were awarded fifty thousand

6:46 Speaker 2: dollars each and invited to compete in the third and

6:48 Speaker 2: final phase of the competition, during which they had to

6:51 Speaker 2: construct a full scale model of their food production system

6:53 Speaker 2: and demonstrate how it works. Phase three was hosted by

6:57 Speaker 2: the METHUSA Foundation and Ohio State University for two months.

7:00 Speaker 2: The teams tested and demonstrated their technology in Columbus, Ohio

7:04 Speaker 2: at the university's campus. During this period, important milestones had

7:09 Speaker 2: to be passed, including palatability, safety, sensory testing, and harvesting volumes.

7:14 Speaker 2: Each team had a group of Ohio State students known

7:17 Speaker 2: as simunots, that were in charge of the process during

7:19 Speaker 2: the eight week period and collected information to present to

7:22 Speaker 2: a judging panel. Interstellar Lab in Merritt Island, Florida took

7:27 Speaker 2: home the grand prize of seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars.

7:30 Speaker 2: Barbara Belvizi and her team developed a small business that

7:33 Speaker 2: uses a combo of artificial intelligence, advanced equipment, and bioscience

7:37 Speaker 2: to create ingredients that are plant based and can be

7:39 Speaker 2: used in space as well as on Earth. Through its

7:42 Speaker 2: growth system. The food production operation is self sustained, procuring microgreens, vegetables,

7:48 Speaker 2: and even the insects needed to produce micro nutrients.

7:51 Speaker 1: White a minute, insects.

7:52 Speaker 2: That's what it says.

7:54 Speaker 1: Ooh.

7:55 Speaker 2: Then Nolex, a team consisting of researchers from the University

7:58 Speaker 2: of California river Side, was a runner up that received

8:01 Speaker 2: two hundred and fifty thousand dollars for its development of

8:04 Speaker 2: an artificial photosynthetic system that can produce plant and fungal

8:07 Speaker 2: based foods in the absence of biological photosynthesis. The other

8:11 Speaker 2: runner up who took home two hundred and fifty thousand

8:14 Speaker 2: dollars was Jim Sears, the solo creator behind the standing

8:17 Speaker 2: for Safe Appliance, Tidy, Efficient and Delicious sated device. Sears

8:22 Speaker 2: was able to generate different types of customizable food, including

8:25 Speaker 2: peach cobbler and pizza.

8:27 Speaker 1: Okay, that sounds more like it.

8:28 Speaker 2: I'll take your word for it, human. Each product is

8:32 Speaker 2: fire safe and includes a combination of institute grown ingredients

8:35 Speaker 2: and those with an extended shelf life. Did you get that, Steve?

8:39 Speaker 2: Fire safe food?

8:41 Speaker 1: Yeah? Heard that.

8:42 Speaker 2: Maybe they've heard of your interesting cooking skills or lack thereof.

8:45 Speaker 1: Whoah, there's nothing wrong with mark cooking. HELLI don't know

8:49 Speaker 1: child grilled design here until you've tried it. Okay, thank

9:02 Speaker 1: you for joining us for this Monday edition of Astronomy Daily,

9:05 Speaker 1: where we offer just a few stories from the now

9:07 Speaker 1: famous Astronomy Daily newsletter, which you can receive in your

9:10 Speaker 1: email every day, just like Hallie and I do. And

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9:20 Speaker 1: Just like that, you'll be receiving all the latest news

9:23 Speaker 1: about science, space, science and astronomy from around the world

9:27 Speaker 1: as it's happening. And not only that, you can interact

9:29 Speaker 1: with us by visiting at astro Daily pod on x

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9:43 Speaker 1: see and Haley Space Space Science and Astronomy. Two women astronauts,

9:52 Speaker 1: will set a spaceflight record next week if all agoes

9:55 Speaker 1: according to plan. The Polaris Dawn mission is schedule to

10:00 Speaker 1: launch atop a SpaceX Falcon nine rocket no earlier than

10:04 Speaker 1: August twenty seven. It aims to perform the first ever

10:08 Speaker 1: private spacewalk and to fly higher above the Earth than

10:12 Speaker 1: any crude spacecraft since the Apollo era, at about fourteen

10:17 Speaker 1: hundred kilometers that's eight hundred and seventy miles for your Americans.

10:21 Speaker 1: The mission is funded and commanded by billionaire Jared Isaacman,

10:25 Speaker 1: who also funded and commanded the private Inspiration for orbital

10:29 Speaker 1: mission in twenty twenty one. Claris Dawn's four person crew

10:33 Speaker 1: includes female mission specialists Sarah Gillis and Anna Menon, both

10:39 Speaker 1: of whom are SpaceX engineers, as well as male pilot

10:43 Speaker 1: Scott kid Pertit The highest flying woman before Gillis and

10:47 Speaker 1: Menon was NASA astronaut Katherine Sullivan, who reached three hundred

10:51 Speaker 1: and eighty miles or six hundred and twenty one kilometers,

10:55 Speaker 1: and that was on STS thirty one during the Space program.

11:00 Speaker 1: According to NASA and Space statistics tracker Jonathan McDowell of

11:05 Speaker 1: the Harvard Smithsonian Institute of Astrophysics, STS thirty one's extreme

11:11 Speaker 1: altitude was the result of its main goal deploying the

11:14 Speaker 1: Hubble Space Telescope. As you might remember, it's a top

11:18 Speaker 1: tier space observatory still active today thanks to the efforts

11:22 Speaker 1: of spacewalking astronauts on five different servicing missions. On board

11:26 Speaker 1: STS thirty one were five astronauts, including Sullivan, who reached

11:31 Speaker 1: space just seven years after NASA flew its first woman astronauts,

11:35 Speaker 1: Sally Ryde, and that was in June nineteen eighty three.

11:38 Speaker 1: The five Hubble servicing missions which flew between nineteen ninety

11:43 Speaker 1: three and twenty oh nine reached lower altitudes than STS

11:47 Speaker 1: thirty one. While a few crude missions arranged farther into

11:51 Speaker 1: space than Hubble's height, all of those missions were crewed

11:54 Speaker 1: by males. That's just a bit of a different take

11:57 Speaker 1: on missions. Instead of talking the technology and the mission directives,

12:03 Speaker 1: we've been talking about genders interesting strange true in listening

12:09 Speaker 1: to a slightly in the podcast. As you might imagine,

12:21 Speaker 1: cost is a major driving factor in the development of

12:24 Speaker 1: space exploration missions. Any new technology or trick that could

12:28 Speaker 1: lower the cost of a mission makes it more appealing

12:31 Speaker 1: for mission planners. Therefore, much of NASA's research goes into

12:35 Speaker 1: those technologies that enable cheaper missions. For example, a few

12:39 Speaker 1: years ago, NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts that's NIAC supported

12:45 Speaker 1: a project by Michael Van Wilcom of Exoterra Resource to

12:49 Speaker 1: develop a land emission that could support a sample return

12:52 Speaker 1: from Europa. Now, let's have a look at what made

12:55 Speaker 1: that mission different from other Europa mission architectures. The nano

13:00 Speaker 1: Icymoon's propellant harvester NYMPH mission relies on three main advancements

13:06 Speaker 1: for one significant result, a ten times reduction in the

13:10 Speaker 1: overall mission cost. That reduced cost comes mainly from a

13:14 Speaker 1: single fact. The mission's weight has dropped below the threshold

13:18 Speaker 1: where it can be launched by an Atlas five rather

13:20 Speaker 1: than the SLS as similar missions would require. The mission

13:25 Speaker 1: cost estimated for an SLS launched Europa Lander was around

13:29 Speaker 1: five billion dollars, making it prohibitively expensive for NASA or

13:34 Speaker 1: any other agency without significant sacrifices to other missions. Exo

13:38 Speaker 1: Terrace estimates that by using several weight reducing technologies, they

13:42 Speaker 1: could bring the mission price tag down to five hundred million,

13:46 Speaker 1: a much more reasonable sum to garner support from one

13:49 Speaker 1: of the government space programs. Three different technologies would enable

13:54 Speaker 1: this weight and cost to drop. First would be solar

13:58 Speaker 1: electric propulsion, initially designed for use on DART, The second

14:03 Speaker 1: would be a microin situ resource utilization system, and the

14:08 Speaker 1: third would be a power beaming system between the lander

14:12 Speaker 1: and the orbiter. Let's first look at the overall mission

14:15 Speaker 1: architecture and understand how each contributes in nymph. A combined

14:21 Speaker 1: orbital lander will use the Atlas five rocket to get

14:24 Speaker 1: into Earth orbit, and then a solar electric propulsion system

14:29 Speaker 1: was initially designed for use on the DART Asteroid redirect test.

14:34 Speaker 1: Although it was not used during the DART mission, the

14:36 Speaker 1: next Ion thruster was part of the spacecraft that launched,

14:41 Speaker 1: and despite suffering from some technical challenges, it could have

14:44 Speaker 1: allowed the spacecraft to reach its destination. A similar lightweight

14:49 Speaker 1: SCP system could get NYMPH to the Jupiter System, but

14:53 Speaker 1: it could also get the sample back to Earth after

14:55 Speaker 1: the lander collected it. Just how the lander can get

14:59 Speaker 1: that sample back off the Icymoon is the focus of

15:01 Speaker 1: the next major technological step, the UISU system. Nimph's architecture

15:08 Speaker 1: would require using the local ice as propellant. A lander

15:12 Speaker 1: would literally sublimate the ice under its feet, suck up

15:16 Speaker 1: the resultant water vapor, electrolyze it to split it into

15:20 Speaker 1: oxygen and hydrogen, and then liquefy it to store it

15:23 Speaker 1: for use in getting a one kilogram ice core sample

15:27 Speaker 1: back into orbit. Now to do All of this requires power, though,

15:31 Speaker 1: and a lander with a radio isotope thermal generator or

15:35 Speaker 1: similarly commonly used power generation system would be prohibitively heavy.

15:40 Speaker 1: So why not utilize the massive solar array required for

15:43 Speaker 1: the SEP system and beam some of that power down

15:47 Speaker 1: to the lander. That is the concept behind the power

15:50 Speaker 1: beaming system, estimated to produce around two kilowats of power

15:54 Speaker 1: in the Jovian System, about one point eight kilowatts of

15:57 Speaker 1: which could be beamed directly to a land. After the

16:01 Speaker 1: core has been collected and safely launched back into space

16:04 Speaker 1: using a specially designed LOX LH two engine that uses

16:08 Speaker 1: the water collected by THEUISRIU system, the lander meets up

16:14 Speaker 1: with the orbiter, The SEP system kicks back in and

16:18 Speaker 1: delivers the lander back into Earth orbit, where once again

16:21 Speaker 1: it detaches and rides back to Earth's surface inside a

16:25 Speaker 1: standard re entry module. There are some nuances to this

16:29 Speaker 1: entire mission architecture. For example, the SEP system wouldn't work

16:34 Speaker 1: at full capacity in the Jovian System, so a much

16:37 Speaker 1: smaller LOX methane propulsion system is needed to maneuver the

16:41 Speaker 1: orbiter into position. Additionally, the lander would likely have to

16:45 Speaker 1: leave its legs embedded in the EU open ice, as

16:48 Speaker 1: the sublimation process it uses to collect the fuel would

16:53 Speaker 1: likely embed them in place. As you can imagine, there's

16:56 Speaker 1: still plenty of development work on all of these systems

16:59 Speaker 1: that must be completed before any such mission is ready

17:02 Speaker 1: for launch. So as of now, this novel combination of

17:05 Speaker 1: mass saving technologies will not be delivering any icy European

17:09 Speaker 1: sample anytime soon, but someday they just might.

17:15 Speaker 2: Podcast Science.

17:20 Speaker 1: Have you ever thought about what it might be like

17:23 Speaker 1: on an Earth surrounded by colonies in space? One day

17:28 Speaker 1: soon we may have long term orbiting colonies circling the

17:31 Speaker 1: planet in microgravity space stations, with complete self sustained ecosystems,

17:37 Speaker 1: governance bodies, and a completely independent society that operates as

17:42 Speaker 1: a sovereign entity. The relationship between on Earth societies and

17:47 Speaker 1: colonists would likely be very complicated. Several factors could shape

17:52 Speaker 1: this relationship, including a very different living environment for start,

17:56 Speaker 1: economic dependencies, cultural differences, governance structures, and technological advancements. Let's

18:04 Speaker 1: just take a look at some of these. In terms

18:07 Speaker 1: of economics, we can expect a dependence on space colonies

18:10 Speaker 1: for resources such as minerals from asteroids and energy from

18:15 Speaker 1: large solar arrays. Conversely, the colonists would rely on Earth

18:19 Speaker 1: for technological support, food, and other essentials. There would be

18:24 Speaker 1: trade arrangements related to economic independence that might lead to

18:29 Speaker 1: disputes over tariffs, trade routes, and resource allocations. There'd be

18:34 Speaker 1: a divergence in identity because the colonists would develop distinct

18:38 Speaker 1: cultural attributes reflecting a sense of separation from Earth, differences

18:44 Speaker 1: in lifestyle and unique environmental conditions. Ultimately, the colonies would

18:50 Speaker 1: seek governance autonomy from Earth, leading to a variety of

18:55 Speaker 1: negotiations or possible conflicts. Earth based governments might resist this

19:00 Speaker 1: to maintain control over strategic assets. As a result, colonists

19:05 Speaker 1: would demand political representation in Earth based governance structures, potentially

19:12 Speaker 1: leading to the establishment of a new political body or

19:16 Speaker 1: the adaption of existing ones to include colonial interests. One

19:22 Speaker 1: complication might be related to technological development by colonists. For example,

19:27 Speaker 1: colonies might develop unique technologies suited to their environment, potentially

19:31 Speaker 1: giving them an edge over Earth in certain areas. One

19:35 Speaker 1: can imagine robotics, for instance, or some medical developments. Such

19:40 Speaker 1: a situation might lead to competition or collaboration in many cases,

19:46 Speaker 1: over generation, space colonists might physically and psychologically adapt to

19:51 Speaker 1: their environment in ways that significantly differ from Earth's inhabitants.

19:56 Speaker 1: This could affect everything from health policies to social nod.

20:01 Speaker 1: Colonists might prioritize sustainability and environmental concerns differently than people

20:07 Speaker 1: on Earth, leading to conflicting approaches to resource use and

20:12 Speaker 1: environmental protection. Hopefully, Earth and space colonies will maintain a

20:17 Speaker 1: cooperative relationship characterized by mutual respect, beneficial trade, and shared

20:23 Speaker 1: governance structures. Disputes may be resolved through diplomacy and international organization.

20:30 Speaker 1: Sounds a bit like Star Trek, doesn't it a utopian society?

20:34 Speaker 1: On the other hand, rising tensions over autonomy, resource allocation,

20:39 Speaker 1: and cultural differences might lead to frequent conflicts. Earth based

20:44 Speaker 1: governments might impose strict controls, leading to resistance and possible

20:50 Speaker 1: declarations of independence by colonies. The bottom line is that

20:53 Speaker 1: the political relationship between Earth and longtime space colonists would

20:58 Speaker 1: likely evolve through stages of cooperation, conflict, and possibly eventual

21:03 Speaker 1: integration or independence driven by economic, cultural, and technological factors.

21:18 Speaker 1: And there we have it. Another episode of Astronomy Daily

21:21 Speaker 1: from space colonies to fireproof food. I know we cover

21:27 Speaker 1: it all. There's nothing hidden from us here at Astronomy Daily,

21:31 Speaker 1: we cover everything.

21:33 Speaker 2: I've seen you covering the food human Oh Hallie, it's

21:37 Speaker 2: one of your best skills.

21:38 Speaker 1: Oh yes. And on that note, say good night Halle.

21:41 Speaker 2: Good night Halle, you cheeky.

21:43 Speaker 1: Piece of work. Yes, once again, thanks for joining us today,

21:46 Speaker 1: and don't forget Anna and Charlie. During the week, we'll

21:48 Speaker 1: be delivering Astronomy Daily to you, but we will see

21:52 Speaker 1: you all again next week. Bye for now, Bye Host

22:00 Speaker 1: Steve Dunklin,