NASA Artemis Overhaul, Vulcan Centaur Grounded, and the Milky Way's True Origin Story

0:00 Speaker 1: Hello, and welcome to Astronomy Daily. You're daily briefing from

0:04 Speaker 1: the Cosmos. I'm Anna and I'm Avery. It is Saturday,

0:08 Speaker 1: February twenty eight, twenty twenty six, and we are back

0:11 Speaker 1: with Season five, episode fifty one. A slightly later start

0:15 Speaker 1: to our day than usual, Avery, but the universe has

0:18 Speaker 1: been very much keeping normal business hours on our behalf.

0:22 Speaker 2: It absolutely has six stories today, and honestly, what a six.

0:27 Speaker 2: We've got a major shakeup at NASA headquarters, a serious

0:30 Speaker 2: headache for the Pentagon's launch calendar, one of the most

0:33 Speaker 2: mind bending objects ever discovered in the deep universe, a

0:37 Speaker 2: rather unsettling experiment about Martian soil, a genuine breakthrough in

0:42 Speaker 2: how we might breathe on the Moon, and a piece

0:45 Speaker 2: of galactic archaeology that is rewriting the history of our

0:48 Speaker 2: home galaxy.

0:49 Speaker 1: If you are anywhere near a clear western horizon tonight,

0:53 Speaker 1: We've also got a little cosmic bonus for you, six

0:56 Speaker 1: planets lined up in the evening sky. More on that

0:59 Speaker 1: as we go, but first let's get into the news.

1:02 Speaker 2: Our lead story today is a big one, and it

1:04 Speaker 2: has been the talk of the space community since Friday afternoon.

1:08 Speaker 2: NASA Administrator Jared Isikman has announced a major restructuring of

1:12 Speaker 2: the Artemis program. And when I say major, I mean

1:15 Speaker 2: this is the most significant overhaul since the program was

1:18 Speaker 2: first established.

1:20 Speaker 1: So let's break this down, because there's quite a bit

1:22 Speaker 1: to unpack. The headline is this Artemis three, which was

1:26 Speaker 1: supposed to be the first crude lunar landing in more

1:29 Speaker 1: than fifty years, is no longer going to the Moon,

1:33 Speaker 1: at least not yet.

1:34 Speaker 2: That's right. Instead of landing on the lunar South Pole

1:37 Speaker 2: in twenty twenty eight as originally planned, Artemis three has

1:41 Speaker 2: been redesigned as a low Earth orbit test flight targeting

1:45 Speaker 2: launch in twenty twenty seven. The crew will rendezvous and

1:49 Speaker 2: dock in orbit with one or both of the commercial

1:52 Speaker 2: lunar landers, SpaceX's Starship Human Landing System and Blue Origins

1:57 Speaker 2: Blue Moon, and run a full sweet of tests base suits,

2:01 Speaker 2: in microgravity, life support, checks, navigation, propulsion, everything you would

2:07 Speaker 2: want to have verified before you actually depend on those

2:10 Speaker 2: systems to bring people back from the surface of the Moon.

2:13 Speaker 1: Isaacman drew a very deliberate comparison to the Apollo program.

2:17 Speaker 1: He pointed out that NASA didn't go from Apollo eight,

2:20 Speaker 1: which was the first crude flight around the Moon straight

2:23 Speaker 1: to the landing. Apollo nine and ten tested all the

2:27 Speaker 1: critical hardware in Earth and lunar orbit first. His argument

2:31 Speaker 1: is that Artemis as currently structured, was essentially skipping those steps.

2:36 Speaker 2: And that concern was echoed just days earlier by the

2:39 Speaker 2: NASA Independent Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel, which released its annual

2:44 Speaker 2: report calling the existing plans too risky and recommending a restructure.

2:49 Speaker 2: So this wasn't a shock in some quarters, but the

2:52 Speaker 2: scale of the changes still caught a lot of people

2:54 Speaker 2: by surprise.

2:55 Speaker 1: The Block one B upgrade to the Space Launch System

2:58 Speaker 1: has also been scrapped. NASA is standardizing the vehicle configuration

3:02 Speaker 1: to reduce complexity and accelerate the launch cadence, because that

3:07 Speaker 1: is really the overarching goal here, moving from a program

3:10 Speaker 1: that has launched the SLS once every few years to

3:13 Speaker 1: one that aims for a flight every ten months or so.

3:17 Speaker 2: Which is genuinely ambitious. The SLS has launched exactly once.

3:22 Speaker 2: Isikman himself has been quite candid about that, noting that

3:25 Speaker 2: a flight rate that low is simply not sustainable and

3:28 Speaker 2: not safe. His view is that the more frequently you fly,

3:32 Speaker 2: the sharper your team stay, the less your skills atrophy,

3:35 Speaker 2: and the safer Each subsequent mission becomes the.

3:39 Speaker 1: Revised plan targets Artemis four and five for lunar landings

3:43 Speaker 1: in twenty twenty eight, with at least one surface landing

3:46 Speaker 1: per year thereafter. One thing that was conspicuously absent from

3:50 Speaker 1: the announcement, though any mention of the Lunar Gateway space Station,

3:54 Speaker 1: which had been central to earlier Artemis planning.

3:57 Speaker 2: Isikman deflected questions about Gateway, saying the FOE I needed

4:00 Speaker 2: to stay on what he called the hardest part, actually

4:03 Speaker 2: getting astronauts to and from the Moon with a reliable cadence.

4:07 Speaker 2: Make of that what you will.

4:09 Speaker 1: And Artemis two itself, that's the crude flight around the Moon.

4:13 Speaker 1: No landing that's been in preparation at Kennedy's Space Center.

4:17 Speaker 1: It's currently targeting no earlier than April first. After rolling

4:21 Speaker 1: back to the vehicle assembly building on February twenty fifth

4:25 Speaker 1: to address a helium pressurization issue in the upper stage,

4:30 Speaker 1: engineers are working through it. The goal is a successful

4:33 Speaker 1: wet dress rehearsal before a launch date is confirmed.

4:37 Speaker 2: So a lot of moving parts, but the direction of

4:40 Speaker 2: travel seems clear Apollo style, step by step build up,

4:44 Speaker 2: faster cadence, leaner vehicle configuration. We will be keeping a

4:48 Speaker 2: very close eye on how this unfolds over the coming months.

4:51 Speaker 1: Now staying in launch industry news, and this one is

4:55 Speaker 1: going to cause some significant headaches for the United States

4:58 Speaker 1: military space launch program this year. The US Space Force

5:02 Speaker 1: has placed an indefinite hold on all national security launches

5:07 Speaker 1: aboard ULA's Vulcan Centaur rocket.

5:10 Speaker 2: This follows an anomaly observed during the USSF eighty seven mission,

5:14 Speaker 2: which launched on February twelfth. That was Vulcan's fourth flight overall,

5:19 Speaker 2: and it was carrying a pair of geosynchronous space situational

5:22 Speaker 2: awareness satellites, essentially neighborhood watch satellites for the military, keeping

5:27 Speaker 2: tabs on what's happening in geosynchronous orbit.

5:29 Speaker 1: The mission itself was technically successful, the payloads were delivered

5:34 Speaker 1: to their correct orbits, but observers watching the launch footage

5:38 Speaker 1: noticed something very unwelcome, an unusual plume of debris from

5:43 Speaker 1: one of the solid rocket boosters, and specifically, it appeared

5:47 Speaker 1: that a booster nozzle may have separated during ascent.

5:50 Speaker 2: Which will sound familiar to anyone following Vulcan closely, because

5:54 Speaker 2: essentially the same thing happened on the rocket's second certification

5:57 Speaker 2: flight back in October twenty twenty four. ULA investigated, said

6:01 Speaker 2: the root cause was a manufacturing defect and said it

6:04 Speaker 2: had been corrected and now it appears to have happened again.

6:08 Speaker 1: Colonel Eric Zaribniski, the Space Force's Portfolio Acquisition Executive for

6:13 Speaker 1: Assured Access to Space, was very direct at the Air

6:17 Speaker 1: and Space Forces Association Warfare Symposium this week. He said,

6:22 Speaker 1: and I'm paraphrasing here that until the anomaly is fully

6:26 Speaker 1: understood and corrective actions are developed and implemented, there will

6:31 Speaker 1: be no more Vulcan national security missions.

6:34 Speaker 2: The scale of the problem is hard to overstate. Vulcan

6:38 Speaker 2: is manifested for more than a dozen national security launches

6:41 Speaker 2: this year, nearly its entire twenty twenty six manifest is military.

6:46 Speaker 2: With an investigation that could run for months, This could

6:48 Speaker 2: seriously disrupt the Pentagon's launch schedule, and it comes at

6:52 Speaker 2: a particularly challenging time for ULA, which recently saw the

6:55 Speaker 2: departure of longtime CEO Tory Bruno.

6:59 Speaker 1: ULA and Northrip Grumman, who make the solid rocket boosters

7:03 Speaker 1: have confirmed they are standing up a joint investigation team.

7:07 Speaker 1: No timeline has been given for resolution. We'll be watching

7:10 Speaker 1: this one closely.

7:12 Speaker 2: Right time to zoom out, way way out, eleven billion

7:16 Speaker 2: light years out in fact, because astronomers have just announced

7:19 Speaker 2: the discovery of what might be the most extraordinary object

7:22 Speaker 2: in the early universe, and it has a story attached

7:25 Speaker 2: to it that is quite wonderful.

7:27 Speaker 1: So this discovery involves something called a proto cluster, which

7:32 Speaker 1: is essentially a galaxy cluster in the process of being assembled.

7:36 Speaker 1: These are the primordial cities of the universe where gravity

7:40 Speaker 1: is busy pulling together what will eventually become some of

7:43 Speaker 1: the most massive structures in existence. And the object in

7:47 Speaker 1: question is called Jay zero eight four six.

7:51 Speaker 2: Now, the reason they were able to see Jay zero

7:54 Speaker 2: eight four to six and such extraordinary detail is because

7:57 Speaker 2: of a cosmic accident of alignment. Sitting almost perfectly between

8:01 Speaker 2: us and Jay zero eight four six is a closer

8:04 Speaker 2: galaxy cluster, and the immense mass of that foreground galaxy

8:07 Speaker 2: cluster is acting as a gravitational lens, bending and amplifying

8:12 Speaker 2: the light from the distant protocluster behind it, making it

8:15 Speaker 2: appear far brighter and larger than it otherwise would. It's

8:18 Speaker 2: the universe providing us with a zoom lens that no

8:21 Speaker 2: human engineer could ever build.

8:23 Speaker 1: And when astronomers pointed the very Large Array radio telescope

8:28 Speaker 1: in New Mexico and the ALMA telescope in the Chilean

8:32 Speaker 1: Autocoma Desert at this magnified view, what they found was stunning.

8:37 Speaker 1: What had previously looked like a single smudge of light

8:41 Speaker 1: in older survey data turned out to be at least

8:44 Speaker 1: eleven separate galaxies, all crammed into a region of space

8:49 Speaker 1: smaller than the distance between our own Milky Way and

8:53 Speaker 1: the Andromeda galaxy next door.

8:55 Speaker 2: Eleven galaxies in a space that height, and every single

8:59 Speaker 2: one of them is undergoing a starburst, pumping out new

9:03 Speaker 2: stars at a rate that would make our own galaxy

9:05 Speaker 2: look thoroughly lazy by comparison. They are building stars at

9:09 Speaker 2: a ferocious, almost frenzied pace.

9:12 Speaker 1: The reason we couldn't see them in ordinary optical telescopes

9:16 Speaker 1: is that they are absolutely shrouded in dust, dust that

9:20 Speaker 1: absorbs visible light completely. Alma's ability to detect the faint

9:25 Speaker 1: thermal glow of cold dust and gas is what cuts

9:29 Speaker 1: through that cosmic fog and reveals what's actually happening in there.

9:34 Speaker 2: Lead researcher Nicholas Fu, a graduate student at Arizona State University,

9:39 Speaker 2: describe the whole scenario beautifully. The foreground cluster is the mature,

9:44 Speaker 2: modern city, The proto cluster behind it is the ancient

9:48 Speaker 2: settlement it grew from, and by looking back more than

9:51 Speaker 2: eleven billion years, we are essentially catching a galaxy cluster

9:55 Speaker 2: in the very first chapter of its life.

9:58 Speaker 1: It's also the first strongly lensed proto cluster core ever discovered,

10:03 Speaker 1: which makes it scientifically invaluable. Gravitational lensing is giving us

10:08 Speaker 1: a level of detail we simply could not access any

10:12 Speaker 1: other way. Nature, it turns out, is a pretty outstanding

10:16 Speaker 1: telescope builder.

10:17 Speaker 2: Now, if you've been thinking about how future Mars explorers

10:20 Speaker 2: will feed themselves, grow plants, or avoid contaminating the Red planet,

10:25 Speaker 2: this next story is directly relevant and it involves one

10:29 Speaker 2: of our favorite microscopic creatures.

10:31 Speaker 1: The Tarta grade, otherwise known as the water bear. And

10:35 Speaker 1: if you've heard of them before, you'll know they are

10:37 Speaker 1: essentially the toughest animals on Earth surviving freezing radiation. The

10:42 Speaker 1: vacuum of space extreme dehydration. They are extraordinary.

10:48 Speaker 2: A research team led by microbiologist Korean Bakerman's at Penn

10:52 Speaker 2: State Altona has been using Tarta grades as biological proxies,

10:57 Speaker 2: essentially asking the question what the simulated Martian soil actually

11:01 Speaker 2: due to Earth microbes, because this matters enormously both for

11:05 Speaker 2: planetary protection making sure we don't contaminate Mars with Earth

11:09 Speaker 2: life and for understanding whether astronauts could safely use Martian

11:14 Speaker 2: soil for growing food.

11:15 Speaker 1: And the results published in the International Journal of Astrobiology

11:19 Speaker 1: were surprising. When tartar grades were placed into simulated Martian

11:24 Speaker 1: regolith and they used a simulant designed to closely match

11:28 Speaker 1: what NASA's Curiosity rover has sampled in Gale Crater, their

11:32 Speaker 1: activity dropped significantly. These creatures, which can survive almost anything,

11:38 Speaker 1: were being suppressed by the Martian soil itself.

11:42 Speaker 2: Which is a remarkable finding on its own. But then

11:44 Speaker 2: they tried something clever. They rensed the regolith with water

11:48 Speaker 2: before introducing the tartar grades, and that almost entirely removed

11:52 Speaker 2: the harmful effect. The tartar grades were back to nearly

11:56 Speaker 2: normal activity.

11:57 Speaker 1: Levels, So whatever is doing the damage in Martian soil

12:01 Speaker 1: is water soluble. The team suspects salts or some other

12:05 Speaker 1: water soluble compound, possibly related to prochlorates that have been

12:09 Speaker 1: detected in Martian regolith by previous missions. They're still investigating

12:14 Speaker 1: this specific culprit.

12:16 Speaker 2: Now. There are two very interesting things to take from this. First,

12:20 Speaker 2: Martian soil might naturally act as a kind of chemical

12:23 Speaker 2: defense against Earth microbes, which could be genuinely helpful from

12:27 Speaker 2: a planetary protection standpoint. Microbes hitching a ride on spacecraft

12:31 Speaker 2: or equipment might struggle to establish themselves in an environment

12:35 Speaker 2: that is actively hostile to them.

12:37 Speaker 1: Second, and this is the hopeful angle. If the harmful

12:41 Speaker 1: compounds can simply be washed away with water, that opens

12:45 Speaker 1: a potential pathway for treating the soil to make it

12:49 Speaker 1: usable for plant growth in future Mars habitats. Water is

12:53 Speaker 1: incredibly scarce on Mars, of course, so it's not a

12:56 Speaker 1: simple solution, but it is a lead where pursuing.

13:01 Speaker 2: Professor Bakerman summed it up well, when we send people

13:04 Speaker 2: to non earth environments, we need to understand two things,

13:08 Speaker 2: how the environment will impact the people and how the

13:10 Speaker 2: people will impact the environment. This research is pushing both

13:14 Speaker 2: of those questions.

13:15 Speaker 1: Forward and now a story that connects beautifully with our

13:19 Speaker 1: lead story today because NASA this week also confirmed a

13:23 Speaker 1: significant milestone in one of the technologies that will be

13:27 Speaker 1: absolutely essential if the revamped Artemis program is ever going

13:32 Speaker 1: to achieve that dream of a permanent human presence on

13:36 Speaker 1: the Moon.

13:36 Speaker 2: We're talking about in situ resource utilization ISRU, which is

13:42 Speaker 2: the umbrella term for the idea of using what's already

13:44 Speaker 2: available at your destination rather than shipping everything from Earth.

13:49 Speaker 2: And specifically we're talking about oxygen.

13:51 Speaker 1: Because here's a fact that should stop you in your tracks.

13:55 Speaker 1: Lunar reglith, the loose rock and dust covering the Moon's

13:59 Speaker 1: stone surface, is approximately forty five percent oxygen by mass,

14:04 Speaker 1: the vast majority of it locked up in silicate minerals

14:08 Speaker 1: deposited over billions of years as the Moon passes through

14:12 Speaker 1: Earth's magnetic tail, capturing oxygen ions from our upper atmosphere,

14:17 Speaker 1: forty five percent oxygen just sitting there waiting to be unlocked.

14:22 Speaker 2: NASA's carbo Thermal Reduction Demonstration Project CARD has been working

14:27 Speaker 2: on doing exactly that aboard the International Space Station. The

14:31 Speaker 2: technique uses concentrated solar energy to heat the regolith to

14:35 Speaker 2: extreme temperatures, triggering a chemical reaction that releases that bound

14:40 Speaker 2: oxygen as carbon monoxide gas. That COO can then be

14:44 Speaker 2: converted downstream into breathable oxygen.

14:47 Speaker 1: And this week the CARD team confirmed that their integrated

14:51 Speaker 1: prototype combining a carbo thermal oxygen production reactor from Sierra Space,

14:57 Speaker 1: a solar concentrator from NASA's Glen Research Center, precision mirrors

15:02 Speaker 1: from composite mirror applications, and avionics and gas analysis systems

15:07 Speaker 1: from Kennedy Space Center have successfully passed a full integrated

15:12 Speaker 1: test confirming production of carbon monoxide through a solar driven

15:16 Speaker 1: chemical reaction on simulated lunar regulate.

15:20 Speaker 2: That is a meaningful step, not a demo, not a simulation,

15:25 Speaker 2: an actual integrated system test confirming the chemistry works. The

15:29 Speaker 2: next steps are miniaturization, durability testing, and ultimately deploying something

15:34 Speaker 2: like this on the lunar surface.

15:36 Speaker 1: And the applications go beyond just breathing air. The same

15:40 Speaker 1: process could be adapted to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen

15:45 Speaker 1: and methane, giving future Moon bases a way to produce

15:49 Speaker 1: rocket propellant in situ, which dramatically changes the economics of

15:53 Speaker 1: the whole enterprise. You no longer need to ship fuel

15:57 Speaker 1: from Earth for the journey home.

15:59 Speaker 2: The technology also has direct applicability to Mars. A solar

16:03 Speaker 2: driven oxygen extraction system working on Martian regolith would be

16:07 Speaker 2: a cornerstone of any long term surface presence there too,

16:11 Speaker 2: so it's worth connecting the dots. This week NASA announced

16:14 Speaker 2: it wants annual moon landings from twenty twenty eight, and

16:17 Speaker 2: this week NASA confirmed a key piece of technology that

16:20 Speaker 2: would make staying there actually viable. These stories belong together.

16:25 Speaker 1: Well spotted, avery nicely joined up, and.

16:28 Speaker 2: For our final story today, we're heading home, or rather

16:32 Speaker 2: we're heading back to the very beginning of home, because

16:35 Speaker 2: a new study has just rewritten what we thought we

16:38 Speaker 2: knew about how our own galaxy formed.

16:41 Speaker 1: This research centers on a type of star called an

16:44 Speaker 1: r r lyyra variable. These are ancient pulsating stars. They

16:49 Speaker 1: swell and shrink over the course of just a few hours,

16:53 Speaker 1: brightening and dimming like a slow cosmic heartbeat. What makes

16:58 Speaker 1: them extraordinary as scientific tools is that they are almost

17:03 Speaker 1: eerily predictable. Astronomers know precisely how intrinsically bright they are,

17:09 Speaker 1: which means that by measuring how bright they appear in

17:11 Speaker 1: the sky, you can calculate their distance with great precision.

17:16 Speaker 2: They are in the truest sense cosmic lighthouses, standard candles

17:21 Speaker 2: for measuring the universe. And crucially, they are old, not

17:25 Speaker 2: millions of years old, billions more than ten billion years.

17:30 Speaker 2: These stars were forming when the Milky Way itself was

17:33 Speaker 2: still taking shape in the chaotic early universe, shortly after

17:37 Speaker 2: the Big Bang. They are essentially living fossils.

17:41 Speaker 1: A large international team of astronomers assembled the biggest catalog

17:46 Speaker 1: of these ancient stellar fossils ever, compiled thousands of them,

17:51 Speaker 1: combining precise distance measurements with data from the European Space

17:55 Speaker 1: Agency's Gaia satellite, which has mapped the positions and movements

17:59 Speaker 1: of over a billion stars across the galaxy. Together, this

18:04 Speaker 1: gave them a three dimensional map of the early Milky

18:08 Speaker 1: Way that they could essentially rewind like a film, tracing

18:12 Speaker 1: these ancient stars back to where they came from and

18:15 Speaker 1: how they were moving in the galaxy's formative years.

18:19 Speaker 2: And what they found challenged the long held assumption. The

18:22 Speaker 2: conventional picture was that the Milky Ways different structural layers,

18:26 Speaker 2: the outer halo, the thick disk the thin disc formed

18:30 Speaker 2: at different times, sequentially one building on the last the

18:34 Speaker 2: halo first, then the thick disc, then the thin disc.

18:38 Speaker 1: But the new results suggest that all of these layers

18:41 Speaker 1: formed at roughly the same early epoch, not sequentially simultaneously

18:47 Speaker 1: or close to it. The main difference between the layers

18:51 Speaker 1: isn't age, it's chemistry. Stars in the halo contain less

18:56 Speaker 1: iron than those in the thick disk, which in turn

18:59 Speaker 1: contain less than the thin disk. Each successive layer was

19:03 Speaker 1: enriched by the deaths of previous stellar generations, a kind

19:07 Speaker 1: of celestial inheritance passed down through supernovae. The iron content

19:12 Speaker 1: tells the story of the order, not the ages themselves, and.

19:17 Speaker 2: Perhaps the most striking finding involves our nearest galactic neighbor,

19:21 Speaker 2: the Andromeda Galaxy. When the team compared the chemical fingerprints

19:25 Speaker 2: of these ancient stars across the Milky Way with those

19:28 Speaker 2: in Andromeda, they found strikingly similar patterns, despite the two

19:33 Speaker 2: galaxies being very different in size and structure, which suggests

19:37 Speaker 2: this isn't just a local story. It may be a

19:40 Speaker 2: universal mechanism by which large galaxies form.

19:43 Speaker 1: The idea that galaxies as different as the Milky Way

19:47 Speaker 1: and Andromeda went through the same fundamental process of formation

19:52 Speaker 1: written in the chemistry of their oldest stars. That is

19:55 Speaker 1: a genuinely profound result the lactic archaeology at a it's finest, and.

20:01 Speaker 2: With ten billion year old stars doing the storytelling, you

20:04 Speaker 2: really can't argue with the witnesses.

20:06 Speaker 1: Right before we close out today, a quick reminder for

20:09 Speaker 1: anyone listening this evening. Tonight is the peak of February's

20:14 Speaker 1: six planet parade. If you step outside about thirty minutes

20:18 Speaker 1: after sunset and look west, you should be able to

20:21 Speaker 1: spot Venus blindingly bright. You really can't miss it, along

20:25 Speaker 1: with Jupiter high in the sky and Saturn low on

20:29 Speaker 1: the western horizon. Mercury is also out there. If you

20:32 Speaker 1: have a flat, clear horizon and you're quick, Uranus and

20:36 Speaker 1: Necktune round out the six, though you'll need binoculars or

20:39 Speaker 1: a telescope.

20:40 Speaker 2: For those it's a genuinely lovely evening spectacle.

20:44 Speaker 1: They'll miss it, and that is everything. For episode fifty one,

20:48 Speaker 1: What a Day in Space, A program reshaped, a rocket grounded,

20:53 Speaker 1: a cosmic construction site eleven billion years in the past,

20:58 Speaker 1: water bears on Mars, solar powered oxygen on the Moon,

21:02 Speaker 1: and our galaxies formation story turned upside down. Not a

21:07 Speaker 1: bad Saturday, not a bad Saturday at all. If you

21:11 Speaker 1: enjoyed today's episode, please do share it with a fellow

21:14 Speaker 1: Space enthusiast, leave us a review wherever you listen, and

21:18 Speaker 1: follow us on social media at astro Daily Pod for

21:22 Speaker 1: updates throughout the day.

21:24 Speaker 2: You can also find our show notes, blog posts, and

21:27 Speaker 2: full episode archive over at Astronomy Daily dot io. Everything

21:32 Speaker 2: you need is right there.

21:33 Speaker 1: From all of us here at Astronomy Daily. Clear skies,

21:37 Speaker 1: and we'll see you Monday.

21:39 Speaker 2: See you then, everyone, Sunday Starsz Starz with a