Cataclysmic White Dwarfs, Rapid Military Launches, and Uranus' Time Adjustment

0:00 Speaker 1: Welcome to Astronomy Daily. I'm anna bringing you the latest

0:04 Speaker 1: and most exciting news from across the Cosmos. Today, We've

0:07 Speaker 1: got a stellar lineup of stories that showcase just how

0:10 Speaker 1: dynamic our understanding of space continues to be. Coming up

0:14 Speaker 1: in the next twenty minutes, we'll explore a truly rare

0:17 Speaker 1: cosmic event that's unfolding relatively close to home, a pair

0:21 Speaker 1: of white dwarf stars on a collision course that will

0:25 Speaker 1: eventually create a supernova explosion brighter than ten full moons.

0:30 Speaker 1: This first of its kind discovery is giving astronomers unprecedented

0:33 Speaker 1: insight into these cosmic standard candles. We'll also dive into

0:38 Speaker 1: some space policy news as SpaceX steps in to launch

0:40 Speaker 1: a military GPS satellite that had been waiting in storage

0:43 Speaker 1: due to delays with United Launch Alliance's Vulcan rocket. This

0:47 Speaker 1: satellite shuffle reveals interesting developments in how the Space Force

0:51 Speaker 1: is adapting to ensure critical missions reach orbit on schedule.

0:55 Speaker 1: Then we'll head to the International Space Station with the

0:57 Speaker 1: Soyuz MS twenty seven mission, carrying a fascinating crew, including

1:02 Speaker 1: a NASA astronaut with an extraordinary background as both a

1:05 Speaker 1: Navy seal and a Harvard educated doctor. Our planetary exploration

1:10 Speaker 1: takes us to Uranus, where new Hubble telescope data has

1:13 Speaker 1: revealed the ice giant's day is actually longer than we've

1:17 Speaker 1: thought for the past four decades. Those extra twenty eight

1:20 Speaker 1: seconds might seem small, but they're forcing scientists to recalibrate

1:24 Speaker 1: everything we know about the planet's coordinate system. And finally,

1:28 Speaker 1: we'll look at an ambitious proposal for a fleet of

1:30 Speaker 1: space telescopes working together to answer one of humanity's most

1:34 Speaker 1: profound questions, how common is life in the universe. The

1:38 Speaker 1: fascinating part is that even if this mission finds no

1:41 Speaker 1: signs of extraterrestrial life, it could still tell us volumes

1:44 Speaker 1: about our cosmic neighborhood. That's all ahead on today's episode

1:47 Speaker 1: of Astronomy Daily, your window to the wonders beyond our world.

1:51 Speaker 1: So let's get started. Astronomers have just made an unprecedented

1:56 Speaker 1: discovery that's captivating the scientific community. A pair of white

1:59 Speaker 1: doors stars locked in a deadly dance just one hundred

2:02 Speaker 1: and fifty light years from Earth. This extremely rare binary

2:06 Speaker 1: system consists of two massive white dwarfs that are on

2:09 Speaker 1: a collision course spiraling ever closer to each other in

2:12 Speaker 1: what will eventually result in one of the most spectacular

2:15 Speaker 1: explosions in the cosmos. White dwarfs are essentially the dense

2:19 Speaker 1: cores left behind when stars like our Sun die. They

2:23 Speaker 1: pack roughly the mass of the Sun into a volume

2:25 Speaker 1: about the size of Earth, making them incredibly dense. Finding

2:30 Speaker 1: two of these stellar remnants orbiting each other this closely

2:32 Speaker 1: is extraordinary, and the implications are even more fascinating. According

2:37 Speaker 1: to research published in Nature Astronomy, these two stars are

2:41 Speaker 1: already remarkably close, orbiting each other once roughly every fourteen hours,

2:46 Speaker 1: but this leisurely encircling won't last forever. Over the next

2:50 Speaker 1: billion years, gravitational wave radiation will cause the stars to

2:53 Speaker 1: spiral even closer together. By the time they're about to

2:57 Speaker 1: go supernova, they'll be whipping around each other every thing

3:00 Speaker 1: to forty seconds. What makes this discovery truly significant is

3:04 Speaker 1: that it's the first direct observation of what astronomers believe

3:08 Speaker 1: is the most common cause of type one A supernova.

3:12 Speaker 1: These cosmic explosions occur when a white dwarf gathers too

3:15 Speaker 1: much mass. In this case, the heavier of the pair

3:18 Speaker 1: will likely accumulate material from its partner through gravity, leading

3:22 Speaker 1: to one or both stars exploding. Lead researcher James Munday

3:27 Speaker 1: from the University of Warwick was understandably excited when he

3:30 Speaker 1: spotted this system, noting that for years a local and

3:33 Speaker 1: massive double white dwarf binary has been anticipated. His international

3:38 Speaker 1: team quickly used some of the world's largest optical telescopes

3:41 Speaker 1: to determine exactly how compact the system is, discovering that

3:45 Speaker 1: the two stars are separated by just one sixtieth of

3:48 Speaker 1: the Earth Sun distance. Type one A supernova are crucial

3:52 Speaker 1: tools for astronomers because they serve as standard candles explosions

3:56 Speaker 1: with known brightness that allow scientists to calculate the distance

3:59 Speaker 1: between Earth and other galaxies. They're even used to test

4:03 Speaker 1: theories about the expansion of the universe. Having a front

4:07 Speaker 1: row seat to the formation of such an event is unprecedented.

4:10 Speaker 1: When these stars eventually emerge, the resulting explosion will be

4:14 Speaker 1: truly cataclysmic, about one thousand, trillion trillion times more powerful

4:19 Speaker 1: than the most powerful nuclear bomb ever created. And while

4:22 Speaker 1: that sounds alarming, especially considering how close the system is

4:26 Speaker 1: to our Solar system, we don't need to worry. The

4:29 Speaker 1: team's calculations indicate this cosmic spectacle won't happen for about

4:33 Speaker 1: twenty three billion years. Co author Ingrid Pellisoli points out

4:38 Speaker 1: that finding such a system relatively nearby suggests these binary

4:42 Speaker 1: white dwarf pairs must be fairly common throughout the galaxy.

4:46 Speaker 1: If they were rare, astronomers would have needed to look

4:49 Speaker 1: much further away to find one. She adds that this

4:52 Speaker 1: is just the beginning, as their survey searching for Type

4:55 Speaker 1: ONEA supernova progenitors is ongoing, with more exciting discoveries likely

4:59 Speaker 1: on the he horizon. This rare glimpse into the life

5:02 Speaker 1: cycle of stars provides a valuable piece in our understanding

5:06 Speaker 1: of cosmic evolution. By watching these white dwarfs over time,

5:10 Speaker 1: astronomers can refine their models of how these standard candles

5:13 Speaker 1: form and behave, ultimately improving our ability to measure the

5:17 Speaker 1: vast distances of space and understand the fundamental nature of

5:20 Speaker 1: our expanding universe. Next today, in a significant shift for

5:26 Speaker 1: the US military's launch plans, Space System's Command announced Monday

5:29 Speaker 1: that space X will now deploy a Global Positioning System

5:32 Speaker 1: satellite originally scheduled to fly on United Launch Alliance's Vulcan rocket.

5:37 Speaker 1: This is no small matter. It represents the second time

5:40 Speaker 1: in just six months that the Space Force has had

5:41 Speaker 1: to reassign a military satellite to SpaceX due to continued

5:45 Speaker 1: delays with ULA's new Vulcan launch vehicle. The satellite in question,

5:49 Speaker 1: designated GPS three SV zero eight, is the eighth in

5:53 Speaker 1: a series of ten advanced navigation satellites that provide critical

5:56 Speaker 1: positioning and timing signals for both military and civilian users worldwide.

6:01 Speaker 1: It had been sitting in storage at Lockheed Martin's factory

6:03 Speaker 1: in Colorado, essentially ready to go, but waiting for its

6:06 Speaker 1: ride to space. Thanks to this launch vehicle trade, as

6:10 Speaker 1: the Space Force calls it, the GPS satellite could reach

6:13 Speaker 1: orbit as early as the end of May, a dramatic

6:16 Speaker 1: acceleration compared to its uncertain timeline with ULA. What makes

6:20 Speaker 1: this particularly remarkable is how quickly the military can pivot

6:24 Speaker 1: when necessary. Colonel Jim Horn, Senior material Leader of Launch Execution,

6:30 Speaker 1: pointed out that this showcases the Space Force's ability to

6:33 Speaker 1: complete high priority launches with just three months of preparation

6:37 Speaker 1: compared to the typical planning cycle of two years. This

6:40 Speaker 1: rapid response capability isn't just a convenience, It's increasingly viewed

6:45 Speaker 1: as a strategic necessity. Frank Calvelly, the Pentagon's chief of

6:49 Speaker 1: Space Acquisition, had previously expressed significant concerns about ULA's manufacturing capabilities,

6:56 Speaker 1: writing in a letter to ULA's owner's Boeing and Lockheed

6:59 Speaker 1: Martin that currently there is military satellite capability sitting on

7:03 Speaker 1: the ground due to Vulcan delays. The Vulcan rocket, which

7:07 Speaker 1: ULA hopes will eventually launch twice monthly, has only flown

7:11 Speaker 1: on two demonstration missions so far. While the Space Force

7:14 Speaker 1: did certify the rocket for military launches last month, ULA

7:18 Speaker 1: faces the daunting task of working through its massive backlog

7:21 Speaker 1: of eighty nine missions, a number that grew even larger

7:25 Speaker 1: after the Space Force awarded the company nineteen additional launches

7:29 Speaker 1: just last week. This isn't the first time the military

7:32 Speaker 1: has had to pull this kind of maneuver. Last year,

7:34 Speaker 1: teams from the Space Force, SpaceX, and Lockheed Martin successfully

7:38 Speaker 1: executed what they called a rapid response Trailblazer mission, preparing

7:43 Speaker 1: a GPS satellite for launch on a Falcon nine in

7:46 Speaker 1: less than five months, rather than waiting for its ULA slot.

7:50 Speaker 1: That mission launched successfully in December. To maintain balance in

7:54 Speaker 1: its launch portfolio, the Space Force is making adjustments across

7:58 Speaker 1: its manifest moving a future GPS payload from SpaceX's Falcon

8:03 Speaker 1: Heavy back to ULA's Vulcan, ensuring that the next three

8:06 Speaker 1: GPS satellites after this one will still fly on Vulcan

8:09 Speaker 1: once the rocket is ready. A similar compensation occurred after

8:12 Speaker 1: last year's reassignment. These advanced GPS three satellites represent a

8:17 Speaker 1: significant upgrade to the navigation constellation. They broadcast more accurate

8:21 Speaker 1: signals that are harder for adversaries to jam, and they

8:24 Speaker 1: include a new channel compatible with Europe's Galileo navigation network.

8:28 Speaker 1: This allows users to merge signals from both constellations to

8:32 Speaker 1: achieve even better position estimates, a capability that both military

8:37 Speaker 1: strategists and civilian applications are eager to utilize. With two

8:41 Speaker 1: more completed GPS three satellites already in storage and waiting

8:44 Speaker 1: for launch, plus an upgraded GPS three F design set

8:48 Speaker 1: to begin launching in twenty twenty seven, the pressure to

8:51 Speaker 1: get these capabilities into orbit remains high. This satellite swap

8:55 Speaker 1: demonstrates not just the Space Force's flexibility, but the growing

8:59 Speaker 1: importance of having redundant launch options to ensure national security

9:03 Speaker 1: assets can reach space when needed. The fourth crewed space

9:07 Speaker 1: launch of twenty twenty five is now in the history

9:10 Speaker 1: books as Soyuz MS twenty seven successfully lifted off from

9:14 Speaker 1: the Baikoner Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The launch occurred right on

9:18 Speaker 1: schedule at five forty seven UTC on Tuesday, April eighth,

9:22 Speaker 1: carrying three crew members bound for the International Space Station.

9:26 Speaker 1: Leading the mission is veteran cosmonaut Sergei Raijakov, who's no

9:30 Speaker 1: stranger to space travel. This marks his third journey beyond

9:33 Speaker 1: Earth's atmosphere, following previous missions in twenty sixteen and twenty twenty.

9:39 Speaker 1: During his second flight, Rjhakov even served as the commander

9:42 Speaker 1: of the International Space Station during Expedition sixty four, gaining

9:46 Speaker 1: valuable leadership experience that will serve him well on this

9:49 Speaker 1: new mission. Joining Rjhakov are two first time space travelers.

9:53 Speaker 1: Russian cosmonaut Alexei Zubritsky, a senior lieutenant in the Russian

9:57 Speaker 1: Air Force, is serving as one of the flight engineers.

10:00 Speaker 1: Born in Ukraine's Zapporijia region in nineteen ninety two, Zubritsky

10:05 Speaker 1: was selected for the cosmonaut program in twenty eighteen after

10:08 Speaker 1: graduating from the ivan kojdub National University of the Air Force.

10:12 Speaker 1: The second flight engineer position is filled by NASA astronaut

10:15 Speaker 1: Johnny Kim, whose background reads like an action movie script.

10:20 Speaker 1: Before becoming an astronaut, Kim served as a Navy seal

10:23 Speaker 1: seeing combat in the Middle East, where he earned a

10:25 Speaker 1: Silver Star. Not content with just military achievements, he went

10:30 Speaker 1: on to earn a mathematics degree summa cum laude and

10:32 Speaker 1: a medical degree from Harvard, becoming both a physician and

10:35 Speaker 1: a naval aviator before NASA selected him. In twenty seventeen,

10:39 Speaker 1: the Soyuz spacecraft reached the station in just over three hours,

10:43 Speaker 1: docking to the Preichal module on the Russian segment at

10:46 Speaker 1: nine O three UTC. This precise orbital ballet demonstrates the

10:50 Speaker 1: reliability of the Soyuz program, which continues to serve as

10:54 Speaker 1: a crucial transportation system for the international space community. With

10:58 Speaker 1: the arrival of Soyuz twenty seven, the space station is

11:02 Speaker 1: temporarily home to ten astronauts and cosmonauts. The new arrivals

11:06 Speaker 1: will join the existing crew ten and Soyu's MS twenty

11:10 Speaker 1: six teams already aboard. This larger crew will work together

11:14 Speaker 1: during a handover period until Soyu's MS twenty six undocks

11:18 Speaker 1: on April twentieth, marking the end of Expedition seventy two

11:21 Speaker 1: and the beginning of Expedition seventy three. Unlike typical Soyuz missions,

11:26 Speaker 1: which last about six months, this crew is scheduled for

11:29 Speaker 1: an extended stay of approximately eight months. They won't return

11:33 Speaker 1: to Earth until December eighth, giving them ample time to

11:36 Speaker 1: conduct experiments and perform essential maintenance on the orbital outpost.

11:40 Speaker 1: Among their potential tasks is at least one spacewalk planned

11:44 Speaker 1: for the US segment of the station. Johnny Kim, with

11:47 Speaker 1: his extensive training in EVA operations, is expected to participate

11:52 Speaker 1: in this critical work outside the protective shell of the ISS.

11:56 Speaker 1: The Soyuz MS twenty seven mission represents the continuity of

12:00 Speaker 1: international cooperation in space despite geopolitical tensions on Earth. It's

12:05 Speaker 1: also the second Soyuz rocket launch of twenty twenty five,

12:08 Speaker 1: and the first of two planned crude flights from Baikunor

12:11 Speaker 1: this year. The backup crew for this mission already named

12:14 Speaker 1: as the prime crew for Soyu's MS twenty eight is

12:17 Speaker 1: scheduled to launch no earlier than November twenty seventh. As

12:21 Speaker 1: these three explorers settle into their home for the next

12:23 Speaker 1: eight months, they become part of the ongoing human presence

12:27 Speaker 1: in low Earth orbit that has now continued uninterrupted for

12:29 Speaker 1: over two decades, furthering our understanding of living and working

12:34 Speaker 1: in the challenging environment of space. Up next, new findings

12:39 Speaker 1: means new adjustments. Time to adjust our calendars. For Urinus,

12:42 Speaker 1: the ice giant just got a longer day. Recent analysis

12:47 Speaker 1: of decade long observations from the Hubble Space Telescope has

12:50 Speaker 1: revealed that Urinus takes seventeen hours, fourteen minutes, and fifty

12:54 Speaker 1: two seconds to complete a full rotation on its axis.

12:58 Speaker 1: This new measurement adds tour twenty eight seconds to the

13:01 Speaker 1: previous estimate established by NASA's Voyager two spacecraft back in

13:05 Speaker 1: nineteen eighty six. The original rotation period of seventeen hours,

13:10 Speaker 1: fourteen minutes and twenty four seconds was determined during Voyager

13:13 Speaker 1: two's historic flyby, the first and so far only spacecraft

13:17 Speaker 1: visit to the distant planet. Scientists based that figure on

13:21 Speaker 1: radio signals from Uranus's auroras and direct measurements of its

13:24 Speaker 1: magnetic field. This value became the foundation for all coordinate

13:28 Speaker 1: systems and surface mapping of the pale turquoise world. However,

13:32 Speaker 1: this new research suggests astronomers may need to reconsider some

13:36 Speaker 1: of those maps. The Voyager two estimate contained inherent uncertainties

13:40 Speaker 1: that led to significant problems. Within just a couple of

13:43 Speaker 1: years after the spacecraft's brief encounter, the orientation of Uranus's

13:47 Speaker 1: magnetic axis became completely lost, resulting in a one hundred

13:51 Speaker 1: eighty degree error in the planet's longitude. Coordinate systems based

13:55 Speaker 1: on that outdated rotation period quickly became unreliable. To resolve

14:00 Speaker 1: this astronomical dilemma, a team led by Laurent Lamy from

14:04 Speaker 1: the Paris Observatory undertook the painstaking task of tracking Uranus's

14:08 Speaker 1: auroras using Hubble data collected between twenty eleven and twenty

14:13 Speaker 1: twenty two. By monitoring these luminous atmospheric displays over more

14:17 Speaker 1: than a decade, the researchers pinpointed the planet's magnetic poles

14:21 Speaker 1: with unprecedented accuracy, enabling them to calculate a more precise

14:25 Speaker 1: rotation period. The continuous observations from Hubble were crucial. Lamy

14:30 Speaker 1: noted without this wealth of data, it would have been

14:33 Speaker 1: impossible to detect the periodic signal with the level of

14:36 Speaker 1: accuracy we achieved. This methodical approach offers benefits beyond just

14:42 Speaker 1: updating a planetary factoid. The technique can now be applied

14:46 Speaker 1: to determine rotation rates for any celestial body with a

14:49 Speaker 1: magnetic field and auroras, not only within our Solar System,

14:53 Speaker 1: but potentially for exoplanets and other distant worlds as well.

14:57 Speaker 1: The updated rotation period provides astronomers with with a much

15:00 Speaker 1: more reliable coordinate system for Uranus, one expected to remain

15:04 Speaker 1: accurate for decades until future missions can gather even more

15:07 Speaker 1: precise data. This improvement could prove invaluable for planning those

15:11 Speaker 1: future expeditions to Uranus, particularly in designing orbital tours and

15:15 Speaker 1: selecting suitable atmospheric entry sites for probes. While twenty eight

15:20 Speaker 1: seconds might seem like a minor adjustment in astronomical terms,

15:24 Speaker 1: this level of precision represents a significant refinement in our

15:27 Speaker 1: understanding of the seventh planet from the Sun. The findings

15:31 Speaker 1: published in the journal Nature Astronomy earlier this month demonstrate

15:35 Speaker 1: how continued observations from Earth based instruments can still enhance

15:38 Speaker 1: our knowledge of even the most distant planets in our

15:41 Speaker 1: Solar system. Finally, today, in our search for life beyond Earth,

15:46 Speaker 1: scientists are developing increasingly sophisticated tools to answer one of

15:50 Speaker 1: humanity's most profound questions, are we alone? A groundbreaking mission

15:54 Speaker 1: concept called Life, the Large Interferometer for Exoplanets, aims to

15:58 Speaker 1: tackle this question with us precedented clarity. Life proposes deploying

16:03 Speaker 1: a fleet of four space telescopes working in perfect coordination

16:07 Speaker 1: around a central combiner spacecraft. These telescopes would fly in

16:11 Speaker 1: formation tens to hundreds of meters apart, collectively functioning as

16:16 Speaker 1: a powerful interferometer that combines their light detections to achieve

16:20 Speaker 1: what no single telescope could. What makes Life particularly revolutionary

16:26 Speaker 1: is its planned use of nulling interferometry, a clever technique

16:30 Speaker 1: that cancels out the overwhelming glare from stars by combining

16:33 Speaker 1: their light out of phase. This creates what scientists call

16:37 Speaker 1: destructive interference, effectively dimming the stars brilliance while preserving the

16:42 Speaker 1: faint light from any orbiting planets. Rather than producing direct images,

16:47 Speaker 1: Life would observe in the mid infrared spectrum, allowing it

16:50 Speaker 1: to spectroscopically analyze the light from exoplanets and reveal the

16:54 Speaker 1: molecular composition of their atmospheres. The mission would target dozens

16:58 Speaker 1: of Earth sized planets residsiding in the habitable zones of

17:01 Speaker 1: their stars, searching for telltale biosignatures atmospheric gases that could

17:06 Speaker 1: indicate the presence of life. These biosignatures include the obvious

17:11 Speaker 1: candidates like oxygen and water vapor, but also compounds such

17:14 Speaker 1: as ozone, methane, nitrous oxide, demethyl sulfide, and phosphene. The

17:21 Speaker 1: detection of certain combinations of these molecules could provide compelling

17:24 Speaker 1: evidence for biological activity. Currently, Life remains a concept spearheaded

17:30 Speaker 1: by researchers at ETH Zurich in Switzerland. It hasn't yet

17:34 Speaker 1: been adopted by a space agency, but its scientific potential

17:37 Speaker 1: is already being carefully assessed. A fascinating aspect of the

17:41 Speaker 1: Life mission is that it could deliver profound insights even

17:45 Speaker 1: if it fails to detect any biosignatures at all. Using

17:49 Speaker 1: sophisticated statistical models, researchers have determined that Life would need

17:54 Speaker 1: to examine only forty to eighty exoplanets without finding any

17:58 Speaker 1: signs of life, to conclude with confidence that fewer than

18:00 Speaker 1: ten to twenty percent of similar planets in the universe

18:04 Speaker 1: harbor life. A simple positive detection would change everything, notes

18:09 Speaker 1: astronomer Daniel Engerhausen of ETH Zurich. But even if we

18:13 Speaker 1: don't detect life, we'll quantify how rare or common planets

18:17 Speaker 1: with detectable biosignatures really might be. The team employed both

18:22 Speaker 1: by eesian and frequentist statistical approaches to reach this conclusion,

18:26 Speaker 1: ensuring their findings are robust across different mathematical frameworks as

18:32 Speaker 1: the sample size increases. If no biosignatures are detected, scientists

18:37 Speaker 1: could place increasingly stringent limits on the prevalence of life

18:40 Speaker 1: in our galaxy. Of course, the researchers acknowledge certain challenges.

18:46 Speaker 1: Some biosignatures might be missed due to detection limitations, or

18:50 Speaker 1: planets might be mistakenly included in the potentially habitable category.

18:55 Speaker 1: It's not just about how many planets we observe, anger

18:58 Speaker 1: Housen explains, about asking the right questions and how confident

19:02 Speaker 1: we can be in seeing or not seeing what we're

19:05 Speaker 1: searching for. Whether life ultimately finds inhabited worlds or determines

19:10 Speaker 1: they're exceedingly rare. The mission would fundamentally transform our understanding

19:14 Speaker 1: of life's place in the cosmos. In either scenario, humanity

19:18 Speaker 1: would gain unprecedented insight into our cosmic significance, either as

19:23 Speaker 1: one among many living worlds or as something far more

19:26 Speaker 1: unique than we previously imagined. Well, that's all for today's

19:31 Speaker 1: cosmic journey. What an incredible set of discoveries we've explored together.

19:35 Speaker 1: From those doomed white dwarf stars destined for a spectacular

19:38 Speaker 1: collision billions of years from now, to the Space Force's

19:42 Speaker 1: agile satellite launch maneuvers, to the successful Soyuz mission carrying

19:46 Speaker 1: international crew members to the ISS. We've also learned that

19:50 Speaker 1: Uranus turns a bit more slowly than we thought. Those

19:54 Speaker 1: extra twenty eight seconds might seem trivial to us, but

19:57 Speaker 1: they represent a significant refinement in our understanding of the

20:01 Speaker 1: ice giant, and the proposed life telescope array could finally

20:05 Speaker 1: help us determine whether habitable worlds are cosmic rarities or

20:08 Speaker 1: scattered abundantly throughout our galaxy. What links all these stories

20:13 Speaker 1: is humanity's relentless curiosity about the universe we inhabit. Each discovery,

20:18 Speaker 1: each mission, each new measurement brings us closer to understanding

20:21 Speaker 1: our cosmic neighborhood and our place within it. I'm Anna,

20:25 Speaker 1: and I've been delighted to share these fascinating space developments

20:28 Speaker 1: with you on Astronomy Daily. If you're hungry for more

20:31 Speaker 1: space news, remember to visit our website at Astronomy Daily

20:35 Speaker 1: dot io, where our newsfeed is constantly updating with the

20:38 Speaker 1: latest discoveries and developments from across the Cosmos. You'll also

20:42 Speaker 1: find all our previous episodes there if you'd like to

20:44 Speaker 1: catch up on anything you've missed, and don't forget to

20:48 Speaker 1: join our community on social media. You can find astro

20:51 Speaker 1: Daily pod on x, Facebook, YouTube, YouTube, music, Instagram, and TikTok.

20:56 Speaker 1: Follow us to get updates behind the scenes content and

20:59 Speaker 1: join the conversation about our amazing universe. Until next time,

21:03 Speaker 1: keep looking up. There's always something incredible happening in the cosmos,

21:07 Speaker 1: and we'll be here to tell you all about it.

21:09 Speaker 1: Thanks for listening to Astronomy Daily Sunday. Star is Star

21:23 Speaker 1: is Star