SpaceX's Million-Satellite Vision, Ancient Star Maps, and China's Solar Mission

0:00 Speaker 1: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your source for the latest space

0:04 Speaker 1: and astronomy news. I'm Anna and I'm Avery.

0:07 Speaker 2: It's Monday, February two, twenty twenty six, and we've got

0:11 Speaker 2: a fantastic line up of stories today, exploring everything from

0:14 Speaker 2: SpaceX's audacious satellite plans to ancient star maps hidden for centuries.

0:20 Speaker 1: That's right, Avery. Today we're diving into SpaceX's jaw dropping

0:24 Speaker 1: proposal to launch up to one million solar powered satellites,

0:29 Speaker 1: a remarkable archaeological discovery revealing Hipparcas's lost star catalog, and

0:34 Speaker 1: China's ambitious solar monitoring mission heading to a unique point

0:38 Speaker 1: in space.

0:39 Speaker 2: We'll also be discussing the giant star that fulled astronomers worldwide,

0:44 Speaker 2: Time magazine special tribute to the Artemis two crew, and

0:47 Speaker 2: remembering Gladys West, a hidden figure who helps shape GPS technology.

0:52 Speaker 2: It's going to be an incredible journey through space history, present,

0:56 Speaker 2: and future.

0:57 Speaker 1: So settle in and let's explore the cause most together.

1:01 Speaker 2: We're starting with what might be the most ambitious satellite

1:04 Speaker 2: constellation proposal ever conceived. SpaceX has filed with the Federal

1:08 Speaker 2: Communications Commission seeking approval to launch up to one million

1:12 Speaker 2: solar powered satellites that would function as data centers for

1:16 Speaker 2: artificial intelligence.

1:17 Speaker 1: One million satellites, Avery, that's absolutely staggering. To put that

1:23 Speaker 1: in perspective. There are currently around fifteen thousand man made

1:27 Speaker 1: satellites orbiting Earth. According to the European Space Agency. SpaceX

1:31 Speaker 1: is essentially proposing to increase that number by several orders

1:35 Speaker 1: of magnitude.

1:36 Speaker 2: The scale is mind boggling, Anna, and SpaceX isn't just

1:39 Speaker 2: framing this as a commercial venture. Their filing describes these

1:43 Speaker 2: satellites as the most efficient way to meet accelerating demand

1:46 Speaker 2: for AI computing power. But they go even further. They're

1:49 Speaker 2: calling it a first step towards becoming a Kardashev type

1:52 Speaker 2: to civilization, one that can harness the Sun's full power.

1:56 Speaker 1: That's quite the vision for our listeners who might not

1:59 Speaker 1: be familiar. The Kardashev scale is a method of measuring

2:03 Speaker 1: a civilization's technological advancement based on energy consumption. A Type

2:08 Speaker 1: two civilization would be able to harness all the energy

2:11 Speaker 1: output of its star. But let's talk practicalities here. The

2:15 Speaker 1: Verge has pointed out that the one million satellite number

2:19 Speaker 1: is unlikely to be approved outright and is probably a

2:22 Speaker 1: starting point for negotiation exactly.

2:25 Speaker 2: The FCC recently gave SpaceX permission to launch an additional

2:29 Speaker 2: seven thousand, five hundred and seventy five Starlink satellites, but

2:33 Speaker 2: the third authorization on the remaining fourteen thousand, nine hundred

2:36 Speaker 2: and eighty eight satellites proposed. So there's clearly regulatory caution

2:41 Speaker 2: about satellite proliferation, and there are very real concerns about

2:44 Speaker 2: space to briand and light pollution that come with such

2:47 Speaker 2: massive consolations.

2:48 Speaker 1: The timing is also interesting. Misfiling comes as Amazon is

2:53 Speaker 1: seeking an FCC extension on a deadline to have more

2:56 Speaker 1: than sixteen hundred satellites in orbit, citing a lack of

2:59 Speaker 1: available rockets. Meanwhile, SpaceX is reportedly considering a merger with

3:05 Speaker 1: two of Elon Musk's other companies, Tesla and Xai, ahead

3:09 Speaker 1: of going public.

3:10 Speaker 2: It really shows how the commercial space sector is evolving

3:13 Speaker 2: anna what was once the domain of governments is increasingly

3:16 Speaker 2: being driven by private companies with enormous ambitions. Whether SpaceX

3:20 Speaker 2: gets approval for anything close to a million satellites remains

3:24 Speaker 2: to be seen, but it is certainly signals where they

3:26 Speaker 2: think the future is headed.

3:28 Speaker 1: It's fascinating to think about, but we'll have to see

3:30 Speaker 1: how regulators balance innovation with the very real concerns about

3:34 Speaker 1: our orbital environment. Now, let's move from the future to

3:38 Speaker 1: the distant past.

3:40 Speaker 2: From cutting edge satellite technology, we're traveling back more than

3:43 Speaker 2: two thousand years to rediscover one of astronomy's greatest loss treasures.

3:48 Speaker 2: Scientists have successfully recovered fragments of the world's earliest star catalog,

3:52 Speaker 2: created by the ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus, from a fifteen

3:56 Speaker 2: hundred year old manuscript.

3:58 Speaker 1: This is absolutely remarkable. Avery hip Arkas is widely considered

4:03 Speaker 1: the father of astronomy. He figured out how equinoxes shift,

4:07 Speaker 1: created a magnitude scale to rank star brightness, and tracked

4:11 Speaker 1: planetary motion, all more than two thousand years ago without

4:15 Speaker 1: any telescopes. But his actual star catalog had vanished from

4:19 Speaker 1: history until now.

4:21 Speaker 2: The manuscript is what's called a palimpsest, which means it's

4:25 Speaker 2: parchment that was wiped clean and reused. In this case,

4:28 Speaker 2: Hiparkas's original Greek text was erased and overwritten with Syriac

4:33 Speaker 2: religious writings of Saint John Klamacus, the original work was

4:36 Speaker 2: literally buried under six layers of ink.

4:40 Speaker 1: So how did researchers manage to read text that was

4:43 Speaker 1: intentionally erased centuries ago? That used some pretty sophisticated technology.

4:49 Speaker 1: A team led by Victor Geisenberg from Sorbonne University used

4:53 Speaker 1: X ray technology at the SALC National Accelerator Laboratory to

4:58 Speaker 1: scan eleven pages of the Man Script.

5:01 Speaker 2: The key was a Hiparkasis original inc had a different

5:04 Speaker 2: chemical composition than the later religious texts. The ancient ink

5:08 Speaker 2: was rich in calcium, which showed up clearly under X

5:11 Speaker 2: ray scanning. They used extremely short X ray pulses, each

5:15 Speaker 2: just ten milliseconds long, focused on areas no wider than

5:19 Speaker 2: a human.

5:19 Speaker 1: Air, and what they've found is remarkable. These aren't just

5:23 Speaker 1: historical curiosities. The star positions hipparcs recorded are incredibly accurate

5:29 Speaker 1: for naked eye observations. As Giesenberg said, the coordinates they're

5:33 Speaker 1: finding are incredibly accurate for something done with the naked eye.

5:37 Speaker 1: This gives us a window into how ancient people understood

5:41 Speaker 1: and mapped the night sky.

5:42 Speaker 2: It's also a testament to early scientific thinking. Hiparkis was

5:46 Speaker 2: working without any optical instruments yet he was able to

5:50 Speaker 2: create precise astronomical measurements that laid the foundation for future astronomers.

5:55 Speaker 2: This discovery, published in the Journal for the History of Astronomy,

5:59 Speaker 2: helps us answer fundamental questions about the birth of science itself.

6:03 Speaker 1: And the manuscript, now held at the Museum of the

6:06 Speaker 1: Bible in Washington, d C. Is so delicate it had

6:09 Speaker 1: to be hand carried in climate controlled boxes to the laboratory.

6:13 Speaker 1: It's wonderful that modern technology can help us recover these

6:17 Speaker 1: ancient insights. Speaking of technology and new vantage points, let's

6:22 Speaker 1: turn to China's upcoming solar mission.

6:24 Speaker 2: China is making major strides in solar exploration with plans

6:28 Speaker 2: to launch its first ever solar probe to the Sun

6:31 Speaker 2: Earth L five point. The satellite, called Shihi Too, is

6:35 Speaker 2: scheduled to launch between twenty twenty eight and twenty twenty nine,

6:39 Speaker 2: and it will provide a unique perspective on solar activity

6:42 Speaker 2: that we've never had before.

6:44 Speaker 1: For our listeners who might not be familiar, the L

6:47 Speaker 1: five point or lagrange point five is one of five

6:51 Speaker 1: special locations in space where the gravitational forces of the

6:55 Speaker 1: Earth and Sun balance out. It's about one hundred and

6:58 Speaker 1: fifty million kilometers from Earth, and spacecraft positioned there require

7:02 Speaker 1: minimal fuel to maintain their orbit because they're in a

7:05 Speaker 1: stable gravitational equilibrium exactly.

7:08 Speaker 2: Anna and L five provides a direct, unobstructed view of

7:12 Speaker 2: the Sun without Earth's atmosphere getting in the way. This

7:15 Speaker 2: makes it ideal for capturing detailed data on solar magnetic fields, flares,

7:20 Speaker 2: and eruptions. GH two will be the first artificial probe

7:24 Speaker 2: ever stationed at this location.

7:26 Speaker 1: The mission has some impressive capabilities. GH two is equipped

7:31 Speaker 1: with cutting edge technology designed for high precision magnetic field detection.

7:36 Speaker 1: This will help reveal the intricate dynamics of solar eruptions.

7:40 Speaker 1: But here's what's really exciting. The mission aims to predict

7:43 Speaker 1: solar activity up to five days in advance.

7:47 Speaker 2: That's a game changer for space weather forecasting. Solar flares

7:51 Speaker 2: and coronal mass ejections can have profound effects on Earth's

7:54 Speaker 2: magnetic field and satellite systems. We've seen how geomagnetic storms

7:59 Speaker 2: can disrupt unication networks, GPS systems, and even power grids.

8:04 Speaker 2: Having five days advance warning could help protect critical infrastructure.

8:08 Speaker 1: It's worth noting this builds on China's previous solar mission.

8:12 Speaker 1: In twenty twenty one, China launched shei He, their first

8:16 Speaker 1: solar exploration satellite, which captured solar H alpha spectral imaging

8:21 Speaker 1: from low Earth orbit. GH two represents a much more

8:25 Speaker 1: ambitious leap, heading to a distant and challenging location.

8:29 Speaker 2: The mission is a collaborative effort between Nanjing University, the

8:33 Speaker 2: China Meteorological Administration, and the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology.

8:39 Speaker 2: It really demonstrates China's growing leadership in space exploration and

8:44 Speaker 2: their commitment to understanding space weather, and as.

8:48 Speaker 1: We become increasingly reliant on space based technologies, understanding and

8:53 Speaker 1: predicting solar activity becomes more crucial than ever. This mission

8:57 Speaker 1: could significantly improve our ability to protect satellites, astronauts, and

9:02 Speaker 1: infrastructure on Earth. Now, let's turn to a mystery that

9:06 Speaker 1: had astronomers scratching their heads.

9:08 Speaker 2: Here's a stellar detective story for you. Astronomers thought they

9:12 Speaker 2: were watching a massive star called WOHG sixty four undergo

9:17 Speaker 2: its death throws, possibly even transforming into a rare yellow

9:22 Speaker 2: hypergiant before going super nova. Turns out they were completely wrong.

9:27 Speaker 1: This is such a great example of how science works.

9:30 Speaker 1: Avery WHG sixty four is located in the large Magellanic

9:35 Speaker 1: Cloud and is one of the most luminous dust and

9:38 Speaker 1: shrouded red supergiants in its galaxy. In recent years, astronomers

9:43 Speaker 1: observed unusual dimming and changing spectral features that suggested the

9:47 Speaker 1: star was entering an extremely rare and unstable phase.

9:52 Speaker 2: In twenty twenty four, the appearance of a new dust

9:54 Speaker 2: cloud around the star seemed to confirm that something dramatic

9:58 Speaker 2: was happening. Any researchers thought they were witnessing a massive

10:02 Speaker 2: star in its final moments, but fresh observations from a

10:06 Speaker 2: team led by doctor Jocko Van Luhn at Kill University

10:09 Speaker 2: revealed a completely different story.

10:12 Speaker 1: Between November twenty twenty four and December twenty twenty five,

10:17 Speaker 1: the team used the Southern African Large Telescope to collect

10:21 Speaker 1: detailed optical spectra of woe G sixty four, but they

10:26 Speaker 1: found contradicted all the previous assumptions. Instead of the temperature

10:31 Speaker 1: increase you'd expect in a yellow hypergiant, they found strong

10:36 Speaker 1: absorption bands from titanium oxide molecules.

10:40 Speaker 2: And here's why that matters. Titanium oxide molecules can't survive

10:45 Speaker 2: in the hotter environments of a yellow hypergiant. That meant

10:49 Speaker 2: woe G sixty four hadn't undergone the suspected transformation at all.

10:54 Speaker 2: Something else was causing all those puzzling observations.

10:58 Speaker 1: The answer turned out to be a companion star. Woh

11:02 Speaker 1: sixty four is actually part of a binary system. A smaller,

11:06 Speaker 1: hotter companion star orbits the red supergiant and periodically interacts

11:11 Speaker 1: with its extended atmosphere. As Van Luhn explained, the atmosphere

11:15 Speaker 1: of the red supergiant is being stretched out by the

11:18 Speaker 1: approach of the companion star, but it hasn't been stripped altogether.

11:22 Speaker 2: So nearly every major indicator that astronomers had interpreted as

11:26 Speaker 2: signs of impending stellar death, the fading light, the spectral shifts,

11:31 Speaker 2: the dust formation, was actually caused by this companion star.

11:35 Speaker 2: Some of the disrupted material even appears to form a

11:38 Speaker 2: disk around the hot companion, which contributed to those strange

11:42 Speaker 2: spectral emissions.

11:43 Speaker 1: Van Luhn described it beautifully. We're essentially witnessing a phoenix

11:48 Speaker 1: rising from the ashes. It's not that WOHG sixty four

11:53 Speaker 1: won't eventually go super nova. It will, but that event

11:57 Speaker 1: isn't imminent despite what all the evidence seemed to suggest.

12:01 Speaker 1: This discovery highlights how binary interactions can perfectly mimic the

12:06 Speaker 1: hallmarks of a dying star.

12:08 Speaker 2: It's a humbling reminder that the universe still has plenty

12:11 Speaker 2: of surprises for us. Careful follow up observations with attention

12:15 Speaker 2: to dust obscuration revealed that earlier spectral signals were misleading. Now,

12:20 Speaker 2: let's shift from stellar mysteries to human achievements as Time

12:24 Speaker 2: Magazine celebrates an historic moment.

12:26 Speaker 1: As NASA's Artemis two mission sits poised on launch Pad

12:30 Speaker 1: thirty nine B at Kennedy Space Center, Time Magazine has

12:34 Speaker 1: honored the crew with a special commemorative cover issue that

12:38 Speaker 1: draws powerful parallels to one of history's most pivotal space missions.

12:43 Speaker 2: The cover features the four Artemis two astronauts Read Wiseman,

12:47 Speaker 2: Jeremy Hansen, Victor Glover, and Christina Koch, who are scheduled

12:52 Speaker 2: to launch as early as February eighth for a ten

12:55 Speaker 2: day lunar flyby mission. The article accompanying it was written

12:59 Speaker 2: by Jeffrey Kluk, the best selling author known for Apollo

13:02 Speaker 2: thirteen and the Apollo Murders.

13:04 Speaker 1: What's particularly poignant is the comparison, Kluger draws to Apollo eight,

13:09 Speaker 1: which orbited the Moon in December nineteen sixty eight. That

13:13 Speaker 1: was a year of tremendous turmoil in the United States

13:16 Speaker 1: and around the world, and Apollo eight's Christmas Eve broadcast

13:20 Speaker 1: from lunar orbit provided a moment of unity and inspiration

13:24 Speaker 1: that transcended borders and politics.

13:27 Speaker 2: As Kluger writes in the article, not every mission touches

13:30 Speaker 2: the collective soul, but some do. Apollo eight, Apollo eleven,

13:36 Speaker 2: Apollo thirteen. These were less American experiences than global dramas,

13:41 Speaker 2: global triumphs, global joys, and he suggests Artemis two could

13:46 Speaker 2: work similar magic today.

13:48 Speaker 1: The mission itself will push human spaceflight to new limits.

13:52 Speaker 1: Artemis two's trajectory will take the crew four thousand, seven

13:56 Speaker 1: hundred miles beyond the far side of the Moon, farther

13:59 Speaker 1: than our species has ever traveled. That will break the

14:02 Speaker 1: old record of one hundred and fifty eight miles past

14:05 Speaker 1: the Moon, which was held by the Apollo thirteen astronauts

14:08 Speaker 1: during that dramatic nineteen seventy mission.

14:11 Speaker 2: NASA Administrator Jared Izikman posted side by side Time magazine

14:16 Speaker 2: covers from nineteen sixty eight and twenty twenty six on

14:19 Speaker 2: social media, noting that fifty eight years after Apollo eight's

14:23 Speaker 2: historic trip, NASA is heading back. He emphasized that through

14:27 Speaker 2: the Artemis campaign, the agency aims to maintain American leadership

14:31 Speaker 2: in space, land astronauts on the Moon, and establish a

14:35 Speaker 2: lunar base, all before the end of twenty twenty eight.

14:38 Speaker 1: What strikes me about both Apollo eight and Artemis two

14:42 Speaker 1: is their role in opening new chapters. Apollo eight proved

14:46 Speaker 1: humans could safely journey to the Moon and return, paving

14:50 Speaker 1: the way for Apollo eleven it's landing. Artemis two is

14:53 Speaker 1: similarly demonstrating the capabilities that will enable Artemis three to

14:57 Speaker 1: put humans back on the lunar surface.

15:00 Speaker 2: And, as Kluger points out, the mission represents not just

15:03 Speaker 2: the technological achievement, but a significant edge in any space

15:07 Speaker 2: race with China, while also offering the kind of public

15:11 Speaker 2: uplift that spaceflight has uniquely been able to provide since

15:14 Speaker 2: the nineteen sixties. It's a moment when four people serve

15:18 Speaker 2: as emissaries for the a point three billion of us

15:21 Speaker 2: who remain earthbound.

15:22 Speaker 1: With the Wet Dress rehearsal happening right now and launched

15:26 Speaker 1: potentially just days away. This Time Magazine issue captures what

15:30 Speaker 1: could be one of twenty twenty six's most inspiring moments.

15:34 Speaker 1: And speaking of inspiration, we need to remember someone who

15:37 Speaker 1: made a profound but often overlooked contribution to how we

15:41 Speaker 1: navigate our world.

15:43 Speaker 2: We're closing today's show with a remembrance of doctor Gladys West,

15:46 Speaker 2: who passed away Saturday at the age of ninety five.

15:50 Speaker 2: West was one of the hidden figures whose work fundamentally

15:53 Speaker 2: shaped modern GPS technology, yet her contributions went largely unrecognized

15:58 Speaker 2: until recently.

16:00 Speaker 1: Gladys West's story is one of extraordinary perseverance and achievement

16:04 Speaker 1: in the face of significant obstacles. She was born on

16:08 Speaker 1: October twenty seventh, nineteen thirty in rural Sutherland, Virginia, south

16:12 Speaker 1: of Richmond. Her parents had a small farm, and most

16:15 Speaker 1: of the region's population were tenant farmers known as sharecroppers.

16:20 Speaker 2: She initially expected her future would lead to farm work

16:23 Speaker 2: or a job at the tobacco processing plant where her

16:25 Speaker 2: mother worked, but she excelled academically, becoming valedictorian of her

16:30 Speaker 2: high school graduating class. She earned a full scholarship to

16:33 Speaker 2: Virginia State College, which was a historically black institution, and

16:37 Speaker 2: went on to earn both her bachelor's and master's degrees

16:40 Speaker 2: in mathematics.

16:41 Speaker 1: This was during the Jim Crow era of racial segregation avery.

16:45 Speaker 1: After graduating in nineteen fifty five, the same year President

16:49 Speaker 1: Eisenhower banned racial discrimination in federal hiring, West began working

16:54 Speaker 1: at what was then called the Naval Proving Ground in Dahlgren, Virginia.

16:58 Speaker 1: She told NPR that there were three other black professionals there,

17:01 Speaker 1: and they tried to treat the leaders with respect while

17:04 Speaker 1: hoping for the same treatment in return.

17:07 Speaker 2: West stayed at Dahlgren for forty two years, and her

17:10 Speaker 2: contributions were remarkable. In the nineteen sixties, she participated in

17:15 Speaker 2: a study showing that Pluto's motion is regular compared with Neptune.

17:20 Speaker 2: But her most significant work came in the nineteen seventies

17:23 Speaker 2: and eighties, when she helped develop the foundational mathematics for GPS.

17:29 Speaker 1: What's fascinating is the complexity of what she accomplished. West

17:33 Speaker 1: used in triked algorithms to account for variations in gravitational

17:37 Speaker 1: title and other forces that distort Earth's shape. She programmed

17:41 Speaker 1: the IBM's seventy thirty computer, also known as Stretch, to

17:45 Speaker 1: deliver increasingly refined calculations for an extremely accurate model of

17:49 Speaker 1: Earth shape, specifically optimized for what ultimately became the GPS

17:54 Speaker 1: orbit used by satellite.

17:56 Speaker 2: Her work essentially created the mathematical framework that allows GPS

18:00 Speaker 2: to function accurately. Today, there are about four billion GPS

18:05 Speaker 2: users worldwide, according to Lockheed Martin. Yet, when asked about

18:09 Speaker 2: using GPS herself, West told an NPR affiliate in twenty

18:14 Speaker 2: twenty that she used it on a minimal basis, she

18:17 Speaker 2: preferred maps.

18:18 Speaker 1: West's career wasn't widely recognized until the twenty sixteen publication

18:22 Speaker 1: of Margot Lee Shutterley's book Hidden Figures and the Hollywood

18:26 Speaker 1: film based on it. After that, the accolades came quickly.

18:30 Speaker 1: She was inducted into the Air Force, Space and Missile

18:32 Speaker 1: Pioneers Hall of Fame in twenty eighteen, received the Webby

18:35 Speaker 1: Lifetime Achievement Award in twenty twenty one, and was honored

18:39 Speaker 1: with the Prince Philip Medal by the UK's Royal Academy

18:42 Speaker 1: of Engineering.

18:43 Speaker 2: She was predecessed last year by her husband of fifty

18:46 Speaker 2: seven years, Ira, whom she met at the Naval proving Ground.

18:50 Speaker 2: The couple had three children and seven grandchildren. Her family

18:54 Speaker 2: announced that she passed peacefully alongside loved ones.

18:58 Speaker 1: Blattys West's story reminds us that some of the most

19:01 Speaker 1: important scientific contributions come from unexpected places and from people

19:05 Speaker 1: who had to overcome tremendous barriers. From a childhood in Borough,

19:10 Speaker 1: Virginia during segregation, to reshaping how the entire world navigates.

19:15 Speaker 1: Her legacy touches billions of lives every single day.

19:19 Speaker 2: Every time someone uses GPS to find directions, track a delivery,

19:23 Speaker 2: or navigate by sea or air, they're benefiting from the

19:27 Speaker 2: mathematical foundations Gladys West helped establish. It's a powerful reminder

19:32 Speaker 2: that science is built by people from all backgrounds, and

19:35 Speaker 2: that we should celebrate those contributions while the pioneers are

19:39 Speaker 2: still with us.

19:40 Speaker 1: And that wraps up today's episode of Astronomy Daily. We've

19:44 Speaker 1: journeyed from SpaceX's ambitious satellite plans to ancient star maps

19:48 Speaker 1: from solar observatories at special points in space, to stellar

19:52 Speaker 1: mysteries solved from upcoming lunar missions, to the legacy of

19:56 Speaker 1: a GPS pioneer.

19:58 Speaker 2: It's been quite a tour through the cost that's mos Anna.

20:00 Speaker 2: As always, we're grateful you joined us for this exploration

20:04 Speaker 2: of space and astronomy news. If you enjoyed today's episode,

20:07 Speaker 2: please subscribe to Astronomy Daily on your favorite podcast platform.

20:11 Speaker 1: You can also find us on social media. We're at

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20:20 Speaker 1: Visit our website at astronomy Daily dot io for more

20:23 Speaker 1: space news and to explore our archive of past episodes.

20:27 Speaker 2: I'm Avery and I'm Anna.

20:29 Speaker 1: Thank you for listening, and we'll see you tomorrow with

20:32 Speaker 1: more news from the final Frontier Clear Skys.

20:36 Speaker 2: Sunday Starsz Starz